Chapter No.2 - Making Of Pakistan - Descriptive Question Answers - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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MAKING OF PAKISTAN

Text Book Exercise

Contents

1. Main Features Of Two Nation Theory
2. Main Objectives Of Faraizi Movement
3. Role of Shah Waliullah in the Freedom / Revivalist Movement
4. The Struggle Of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi In Eliminating The Social Evils From Punjab and N.W.F.P (K.P.K)
5. The Achievements Of Aligarh Movement
6. Role Of Muslim League In The Struggle Of Pakistan
7. Role Of  Province in the struggle of Pakistan
8. Responsibilities Of A Citizen Of An Ideological State
9. Main Features Of Quaid e Azam Personality
10. The Role Of Quaid e Azam As Governor General
11. The Fourteen Points Of Quaid e Azam

Q.No 1: Outline the main features of Two-Nation-Theory.
Ans. INTRODUCTION:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan– The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory was a great reformer and political leader of the Muslims of United India. After the war of independence 1857, Muslims were facing great problems.  The British government was against the Muslims and it was a period of terror for the Muslims of South Asia. Then he worked very hard to bring the Muslims and the Hindus close, but failed and he realized that the Muslims needed to save their culture and separate identity, specially as Urdu language was in danger. He the word “Nation” for the Muslims and gave the Two-Nation-Theory, as he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims of South Asia. Pakistan came into being on the basis of Two Nation Theory.

TWO NATION THEORY:
The Two Nation Theory was given by the great Muslim leader, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, in 1860. He says, in India two nations are living, Hindus and Muslims. These two are entirely different nations. Their way of living, food, dresses, heroes, ceremonies and way of worship are different. They cannot unite into one nation.

MUSLIMS LEADERS AND TWO NATION THEORY
1. SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND TWO NATION THEORY:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great Muslim leader, he is the founder of the “Two Nation Theory”. He used the term “Nation” for the very first time for the Muslims of United India and advised them to avoid Congress to protect their civilization, culture and Islamic values.
He guided the Muslims of United India at that time when-Muslims were in great trouble after the war of independence. By Two Nation Theory, he gave them the guideline to protect their rights and civilization.

2. QUAID-E-AZAIATION THEORY:
Quaid-e-Azam is the founder of Pakistan. He was a great Muslim leader of South Asia. He joined Muslim League in 1913. Like other Muslim leaders he also agreed to the Two Nation Theory. During Pakistan Movement, he declared hat Muslims were a separate nation. He said, "India is neither a 'country nor its inhabitants a nation. This is sub-continent, where many nations live. Among them, Hindus and Muslims are two important nations.

3. ALLAMA IQBAL AND TWO NATION THEORY:
Allama Iqbal was a great leader of the Muslims of South Asia. He was a great poet also. Through his poetry, he tried his level best to unite Muslims and Hindus but failed to do so. He delivered an excellent speech, at Allahabad in 1930 in the annual meeting of the Muslim League. In his speech first time he demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia to practice Islam. He also agreed with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Two Nation Theory.

4. CHAUDHARY REHMAT ALI AND TWO -NATION THEORY:
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali was a great Muslim leader. He established the Muslim League in England. He was greatly impressed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Two Natibn Theory. He first time used the word Pakistan in a pamphlet named "NOW OR NEVER". Later the same name was given to the first Muslim State of United India.

5. OTHER MUSLIM LEADERS AND TWO NATION THEORY:
Like Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam a number of Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali Jauhar and others also declared that the Muslims were a separate nation.

IMPORTANCE OF TWO NATION THEORY:
The two Nation Theory has great significance in the history of Pakistan because the whole struggle of Pakistan was launched under this theory. Pakistan is an ideological state which came into being under the Two Nation Theory.

CONCLUSION:
Two Nation Theory means, Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. This theory was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in the decade of 1860. Quaid-i-Azam, Allama Iqbal and other important Muslim political leaders agreed with the Two Nation Theory. Pakistan came into being under the Two Nation Theory.

Q.2: What were the main objectives of the "Faraizi Movement"?
Ans. INTRODUCTION:
After the death of Aurangzeb Alarmgir, the Revivalist Movement was started by 'Shah Wali-ullah which was later continued by great religious scholar, Haji Shariatullah and called Farizi Movement. This movement, which was started for rekindling Islamic thinking in the Sub-continent, is known as Faraizi Movement.
As this movement was launched to remind the Muslims of South Asia their Faraiz (obligations) that is why it is called Faraizi Movement. It was started to eliminate the unIslamic customs and traditions which were prevailing among the Bengali Muslims.

1. FOUNDER OF THE FARAIZI MOVEMENT:
Haji Shariatullah of Bengal was the founder of the Faraizi Movement. He was born in 1761 in Faridpur (Bengal). At a very early age, he proceeded to Makkah where he stayed for about 20 years and received the religious education. He returned to his hometown in 1802 and started the Faraizi Movement to save Islam.

2. MAIN AIMS AND ,OBJECTIVES OF FARAIZI MOVEMENT:
Following were the main aims and objectives of the Fariii Movement.
(a) To Eliminate The Unisiamic Customs And Tradition:
The main objective of the Faraizi Movement was to eliminate the unIslamic customs and traditions which prevailed among the Bengali Muslim's.
As Muslim had forgotten Islamic teachings, they were not even performing their obligations ("Faraiz"), due to great influence of Hindus who where in majority in India.

(b) To Help The Muslims To Bring Them On The Right Path:
The second objective of the Faraizi-Movement was to help the Muslims to bring them, on the right Path of Islamic teachings because they had adopted Hindu ways of life and they had left Islamic customs and traditions.

(c) To Act Upon Islamic Teachings:
The third main objective of the movement was to make the Muslims realize the need to act upon Islamic teachings according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Which they had left. Hajii Sharitullah brought them back towards Islamic teachings. He wanted to see them true Muslims.

(d) To Create-A Spirit of Self-confidence Among The Muslims:
To create a spirit of self-confidence among the Muslims was another objective of the Faraizi Movement.
Many Hindus ways of life were 'adopted by the Muslims of Bengal and they were not acting according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

(e) To improve the Religions And Moral Status of the Bengali Muslims and Safeguard the Rights Of the Muslim Tenants:
It was also the objective of Faraizi Movement, to improve the religion and moral status of the Muslims of Bengal and safeguard the rights of the tenants.
Muslims had lost confidence due to non-Islamic ways of life adopted by them, specially Muslims farmers of Bengal were leading a miserable life, due to exploitation of Hindu land-lords. Haji Shariatullah made the Muslim tenants realize that they needed to get their rights from the Hindu landlords. They started a struggle against their masters and soon, with the guidance of Haji Shriatullah, they got all their rights and in this way, they improved their moral and religious status. After his death the movement was command passed on to his son Mian Mohsin.

CONCLUSION:
Faraizi Movement was started by Haji. Shariatullah 1802 to eliminate the un Islamic customs and traditions which prevailed among the Bengali Muslims of "South Asia. Through this movement, Muslims Were helped to bring them on the right path of Islamic teachings. As a result of Faraizi Movement, the religious and moral status of the Bengali Muslims was improved. Through this movement, the Muslims tenants were organized against the Hindu landlords.

Q.3: Mention the role of Shah Waliullah in the Revivalist Movement.
Ans. INTRODUCTION:
The death of Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707 was a turning point in the history of sub content, because after his death, the fall of Muslim Empire started.
The well-known sufi saint and religious scholar, Shah Waliullah started a movement to save Islam in the sub-continent called the Revivalist Movement to revive Islamic teachings and values in the sub-continent because the Muslims of sub-continent had adopted un-Islamic way of life.

SHAH WALIULLAH (EARLY LIFE):
Shah Waliullah's name was Qutubuddin but due to his spiritual virtues, he was called Waliullah. He was born in a village near Delhi in the year 1703. His father Shah Abdul Rahim was a well known scholar and religions leader. At the age of 15, he learnt all major branches of Islamic learning. He succeeded his father as the Sheikh of the Madrassah at the age of 17.

ROLE OF SHAH WALIULLAH IN THE REVIVALIST MOVEMENT:
Muslims ruled the sub-continent for more than one thousand years. After the death of strong Mughal ruler, Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707, some Hindu nations like Jats and Marathas got power and started making evil plans against the Muslims of South Asia. The military strength of the Muslims collapsed and they were at the mercy of the tribal might of Jats and Marathas. Shah Waliullah realized that if. Muslims, did not abide by Islam and Islamic teachings, they would gradually lose their status. In these circumstances, he planned to revive Islamic teachings and values in the sub-continent.
Shah Walliullah played a great role to rotect Islam in South Asia. He took the following steps:

1. Creation of Awareness among the Muslims about the Danger of Jats and Marathas:
Shah Wali-Ullah first created awareness among the Muslims about the great danger of Jats and Marathas who were very strong and powerful.

2. Letters to the Muslim Rulers to Save Islam:
To save Islam and Islamic teachings, Shah Waliullah wrote letters to Mughal Emperor, the Nazim of Hyderabad Deccan, Rohila Sardar Hafizul Mulk and Najibuddaula. He warned them about the declining state of the Muslim society in the sub-continent. He also wrote a letter to the ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali to save the Muslims of India from Marathas.

3. Ahmed Shah Abdali's Attack on India 1761:
In response of Shah Waliullah's letter, Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked on India in 1761. A battle was fought at PaniPat, in which Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Jats and Marathas and he returned back to his home land Afghanistan.

4. Persian Translation of the Holy Quran and Research Work on Islam:
To save Islam and Islamic teachings, Shah Waliullah wrote many books on Islam. But his most important work to revive Islamic teachings in South Asia was the Persian translation of the Holy Quran. This helped the people to understand the Holy Quran. Later it was translated into Urdu by his sons and others. He also wrote the famous book Hujjat-ul-La-Hul Baligha to guide the Muslims.

CONCLUSION:
Shah Waliullah was a great scholar and reformer of the sub-continent. He started the Revivalist Movement in the sub-continent to save and protect Islamic teachings. He also invited Muslim rulers to come forward to save Islam and Islamic teachings. Due to his great efforts, Marathas were defeated. He also translated the Holy Quran in Persian.
All the great historians of east and west wrote that he was a great scholar, Sufi saint and great reformer who worked very hard to save Islam in South Asia.

Q.4: Describe the struggle of Syed Ahmed Shaheed in eliminating the social evils from Punjab and N. W. F. P. (K.P.K)?
Ans. INTRODUCTION:
After the death of Shah Waliullah, his mission was continued by his great follower Syed Ahmed Shaheed.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed played a prominent role in South Asia to spread Islam. He struggled against the evil forces in Punjab and N. W. F. P. He and his companions worked very hard to establish an Islamic state in the sub-continent, through his movement called Tehreek-e- Mujahideeen (The struggle of Freedom Fighters).

1. SYED AHMED SHAHEED:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed was a well known scholar and freedom fighter. He was born in Rai Bareilly in 1786. He received a nominal education in the beginning because he had great interest towards military training. He was greatly impressed by the teachings of Shah Waliullah and was a strong, follower of his son Shah Abdul Aziz.

2. STRUGGLE OF SYED AHMED SHAHEED FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ISLAMIC STATE:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed had great love for Islam and Islamic tteachings. So, he started with his followers a struggle for the establishment of Islamic state in the sub-continent. He started a great movement against polytheism and emphasized upon the unity of Allah (Tauheed). He did a lot to eliminate the social evils from Punjab and N.W.F.P under Tehreek-e-Mujahideen. The main objectives of his movement were as under.

Aims and Objectives of Tehreek-e-Mujahideen:

a. To Preach Islamic Teachings:
To preach the unicity of Allah. To preach Islamic teachings was his main objective.

b. Revival of Islamic Teachings:
To revive the teachings of Islam. He wanted to revive Islamic teachings in their true shape.

c. Establishment of an Islamic Society in Sub-Continent:
To establish a state in the sub-continent in accordance with the Islamic principles. He wanted to establish an Islamic state in the sub-continent according to the pattern of the state of Madina set up by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H.).

d. To Protect the Muslims from Non Islamic Way of Life:
To protect the Muslims against such acts and ideas that were contrary to Islamic values. He wanted to protect the Muslims from non-Islamic ways of life.

e. To Preach Jihad:
To preach Jihad because it was not possible to get freedom from evil force without armed struggle.

f. To End the Rule of Mahraja Ranjeet Singh:
He wanted to get rid the government of Mahjara Ranjeet Singh because he was a great enemy of Muslims.

3. JIHAD AGAINST SIKHS IN PUNJAB AND N.W.F.P (K.P.K):
Syed Ahmed Shaheed wanted to eliminate the domination of Sikhs in the Punjab and N.W.F.P. (K.P.K). Shah Ismail, along with his six thousand followers, joined him in his jihad. He visited many areas of Kashmir and Sindh and sought help of Pir Pagara (Syed Sibhatullah Shah), who sent his followers "Hurs" for Jihad.

a. The First Battle of Akora:
The first battle between the forces of Mahraja Ranjeet Singh and Syed Ahmed Shaheed was fought in 1826 at Akora. In this battle, the Sikhs were defeated.

b. The Second Battle of Hazro:
The second battle between the forces of Mahraja Ranjeet Singh and Syed Ahmed Shaheed was fought at Hazro. In this battle, the Sikhs were again defeated by Syed Ahmed Shaheed.

c. The Final Battle of Balakot:
Later, some enemies of Islam and Syed Ahmed Shaheed started conspiracies against him (Syed Ahmed Shaheed) and Maharaja Ranjit Singh made an evil plan against Syed Ahmed Shaheed. A big battle was fought near Balakot in which Syed Ahmed Shaheed and his followers, including Shah Ismail Shaheed were martyred after a big fight. His struggle to protect and impose Islam in South Asia was a great effort.

CONCLUSION:
Syed Ahmed Shaheed was a great, Muslim freedom fighter and soldier of Islam. He struggled very hard to establish Muslim state in South Asia fighting with the Sikhs in Punjab and N.W.F.P. He got some achievements also but after some evil plans of Sikhs, he was martyred with his followers. His name will always be remembered for his heroic struggle for the revival of an Islamic society in South Asia.

Q.5: Describe the achievements of Aligarh Movement.
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
After the War of Independence, 1857, the Muslims of United India were in great problems and difficulties. The British and the Hindus, both were crushing the Muslims and their civilization. At that time, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan came forward to guide the Muslims of United India. He advised them to get education, specially in English language which was the language of their masters at that time. He started a great movement to educate the Muslims of South Asia, called Aligarh Movement.

ALIGARH MOVEMENT:
The movement, which was started by Syed Ahmed Khan to educate the Muslims of sub-continent, is called Aligarh Movement. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted to bring the Muslims and the British closer, so that the problems and hardships of the Muslims could be reduced. He started the Aligarh Movement with high objectives.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT:
Following were the main aims and objectives of the Aligarh Movement.
1. Creation of General Awareness among the Muslims:
Sir Syed Ahmed stressed upon the Muslims that their golden era had passed and how they were ruled by the British. They should accept this ground reality, instead of living in the past Sir Syed tried to improve the lot of the Muslims.

2. Establishing Goodwill with British:
Sir Syed emphasized the need for maintaining friendly relations with the British to earn their goodwill. He also worked to convince the British that the Muslims were loyal to the British. He also urged upon the British that their role in the war of independence was not up to the mark and they failed to understand the Indian society and its problems.

3. Motivation for Modern Knowledge:
Sir Syed was fully convinced that unless the Muslims of the sub-continent received education and learnt modern scientific knowledge, they, would remain backward and would be unable to compete with non-Muslims. He stressed upon them to learn the English language to earn benefit from the scientific knowledge.

4. Non Confrontal Politics:
Sir Syed advised the Muslims to keep themselves away from politics till the time they established pleasant relations with the Englishment.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT:
Aligarh Movement became instrumental in the awakening of the Muslims in the sub-continent. A number of prominent personalities like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Maulana Shibli Naumani, Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali and Moulana Chiragh Hassan played important role in the success or Aligarh Movement.

Following are the main achievements of the Aligarh Movement.
I. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: Aligarh Movement rendered great services to educate the Muslim of United India. For this propose, following steps had being taken.

a. Establishment of Scientific Society:
Scientific Society was established in 1862 at Ghazipur by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to provide scientific knowledge to the Muslims of South Asia.

b. M.A.O. High School and College:
Later, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established an English medium School called M.A.O High School, which was up graded to a college, called M.A.O. College to provide quality education to the Muslims of India.

c. Aligarh Muslim University:
Later, M.A.O. College was.converted into a big University called Aligarh Muslim University. Many Muslim received education from that University and served the nation. During Pakistan Movement, students of this University played a great role to get a separate homeland, Pakistan.

2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SERVICES:

a. Job Opportunities for Muslims:
Many Muslim who received their education from Aligarh University got jobs and in this way the economic condition of the Muslim improved.

b. Revival of the Honour of the Muslims:
The war of Independence 1857 brought untold 'miseries and problems for the Muslims of South Asia. They were damaged Economically and were looked down upon. The Aligarh Movement played great role for the revival of the honour of the Muslims.

c. Establishment of Muslim League:
Later in 1906 friends of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who worked in the Aligarh Movement established first political party of the "Muslim League" at Dacca, which established Pakistan after a great struggle.

CONCLUSION:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the greatest Muslim leader, reformer and educationist of South Asia. He provided a source of strength for the Muslims by starting the Aligarh Movement. The main aim of the movement was to educate the Muslims but later, it provided a platform to the Muslim. for their political struggle for a separate home land. His services are unforgettable to educate the Muslims.
The Muslim League which attained Pakistan after a hard struggle was also established by the friends of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who had worked in Aligarh Movement.

Q.6: Describe the role of the Muslim League in the struggle of Pakistan.
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by an English civil servant, Mr. A.O. Hume. As Hindus joined this party in large number, it soon became the party of Hindus.
The Muslims of United India had no party. So, they decided to establish a party of Muslims. It was established by the friends and companions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1906 at Dacca at the residence of Nawab Saleemullah Khan of Dacca. It was the first platform for the Muslims of South Asia. Later, Muslim League launched Pakistan Movement, which was succeeded and Pakistan came into being on 14th August. 1947.

ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
Muslim League was established in the meeting, which was held at the end of Muhammaden Educational Conference at Dacca in 1906. After discussing the problems and hardships of the Muslims it was decided to set up a political party of the Muslims. The meeting was headed by Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and attended by the other Muslims leaders. Sir Agha Khan was made the first president of the Muslim League and Ali Hassan Bilgrami as the Secretary General of the new party.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:
Following were the main aims and objectives of the fOrmation of Muslim League.

1. To Establish Good Relations Between Muslims And The British:
It was the main object of the formation of the Muslim league to establish good relations between the Muslims and the British.
The Muslims wanted better relations with the British to solve their problems and difficulties.

2. Co-Ordination with Other Nations:
To coordinate with other nations and political parties like Congress, because Hindus were in majority in United India and Musliths wanted better relations with the Hindus to reduce their problems.

3. To Protect The Muslim Rights:
It was also the objective of Muslim League to protect the main rights of the Muslims of South Asia.
The Muslims of South Asia wanted to protect their rights. That is why they established their own party called the Muslim League.

4. Provision of a Platform to the Muslims:
Provision of a platform to the Muslims was another main objective of the establishment of the Muslim League.

ROLE OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE IN THE STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN:
From the day of the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906, it became a platform for the Muslims of South Asia for their rights and for attainment freedom from the British. The Muslim League played the leading role for independence passing through a number of difficulties. The role of the Muslim League can be mentioned as follows:

1. Protection of Rights of the Muslims:
From the day of its establishment, the Muslim League protected all the rights of the Muslims of South Asia. It also worked for Hindu-Muslim unity.

2. Political Settlement with Congress:
The Muslim League worked very hard to form better relations with the Congress which was the party of the Hindus. Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslims League in 1913 and due to his efforts in 1916 both the parties signed the "Lucknow Pact", in which the Congress, for the first time accepted Muslim League as a party of Muslim of India and separate electorate.

3. Number of Muslims:
The number of Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly was agreed to one third (1/3).
British Government did not allot Muslims seats in a central legislature according to their size. Due to the great efforts of the Muslims League, the Congress and the British Government agreed to giVe Muslims 1/3 seats in the central legislature.

4. Majority in Punjab and Bengal:
Due to the great efforts of the Muslim League, the strength of Muslims was established in the two large provinces of Punjab and Bengal.

5. Muslim Representation in All Areas:
In the provinces where Muslims were in minority, representation was given to them, ccording to the population of the Muslims.

6. Elections of 1946 and the Muslim League:
The Muslim League won the majority of Muslim seats in these elections and made a joint government with the congress.

7. Achievement of Pakistan:
The biggest achievement of the Muslim League was the achievement of Pakistan. It struggled a lot to get a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia.

CONCLUSION:
The Muslim League was the sole representative party of the Muslims of United India. It worked day in and day out to protect the rights of the Muslims of United India. It played great role to achieve Pakistan, a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia. The Muslim League also played great role to bring the Hindus and the Muslims closer for better relations between the two nations.

Q.7: Discuss the role of the provinces in the struggle for Pakistan.
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 after the hard and long struggle of the Muslims of South Asia. All the provinces of United India, where Muslims were living, played great role in the creation of Pakistan but the role played by Punjab, Sindh, N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.) and Balochistan is significant. Here, we are discussing the main features of the role of provinces in the struggle of Pakistan.

ROLE OF PROVINCES IN THE STRUGGLE OF PAKISTAN:

1. PUNJAB:
Punjab was the biggest Muslim majority province of United India. People of Punjab had great love for the Muslim League and Quaid-e-Azam. Pakistan Resolution, which was a milestone in the struggle for Pakistan, was passed in the capital of Punjab, Lahore on 23rd March 1940.

(a) Role of Political Leaders:
Many Muslim leaders of Punjab worked very hard in the struggle for Pakistan.
i. Allaina lqbal:
Allama lqbal is the National Poet of Pakistan. He was a great Muslim leader and the right hand of QUiad-e-Azam. He belonged to Punjab.
Through his poetry, he created an awareness among the Muslims of South Asia and he also presented the idea of a separate homeland for the Muslims of United India in 1930 at Allahabad.

ii. Chaudhry Rahmat Ali:
Chaudhry Rahmat Ali was also a great leader of the Muslim League. He belonged to Punjab. He established Muslim league in England and.coined the Pakistan which was first used in a pamphlet called "Now or Never" published from London in 1933.

iii. Maulaita Zafar Ali Khan:
Maulana Zafar All Khan was a well known poet, journalist and founder member of Muslim League. He also belonged to Punjab. He wrote poetry to promote idea of a separate homeland and published a newspaper called "Zimindar" to promote Muslim League and its activities.

iv. Other Political Leaders of Punjab:
Other prominent leaders were Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Mamdot, Mumtaz Ahmed Daultana, Mian Amiruddin, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan and others.

(b) Role of Women:
Women of Punjab were very active and brave. They worked side by side with the men to convey the message of a separate homeland. They also raised funds for the Muslim League and arranged meetings for Muslim League. A brave lady (Sughra Aflab) removed the British flag from the Punjab Secretariat and in its place installed the flag of Muslim League. Other women who worked were Begum Jahan Aran Shahnawaz and Begum Vaqar un Nisa Noon.

(c) Role of Ulamas and Scholars:
Ulamas and Scholars of Punjab worked in the rural areas to convey the idea of a separate homeland.

d) Role of Students:
Students of Punjab University, and Islamia College, Lahore worked side by side with the political leaders and women in the struggle for. Pakistan. They established Punjab Muslim students Federation for their struggle.

2. SINDH:
Sindh was the second biggest Muslim majorities province of United India. Islam first introduced through Sindh that's why it is called "Gateway of Islam". Sindh had longest association with Muslim League. Sindh Assembly was the first AsSembly which passed a resolution in favour of a separate homeland. The first meeting of the Muslim League was held at Karachi in 1907.

(a) Role of Political Leaders:
Like Punjab, the political leaders of Sindh also played great role in the creation of a separate homeland of Muslims. They conveyed the message of a separate homeland to the common man.

i. Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam is the founder of Pakistan. He belonged to Sindh. He led whole Pakistan movement to create a separate home. land of the Muslims of South Asia. He was honest, dedicated and determined leader of the Muslims of South Asia. He also became the first Governor General of Pakistan.

ii. Liaquat Ali Khan:
The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan did not belong to Sindh but he worked for the Muslim League along with Quaid-e-Azam at Karachi. He worked very hard to organize. Muslim League. He remained along with. Quaid-e-Azam during the whole Pakistan movement to guide the Muslims of South Asia.

iii. Other Political Leader of Sindh:
Other political leaders who worked in Pakistan movement were Abdullah Haroon Abdul Majeed Sindhi, Qazi Fazalullah and other Muslim leaders.

(b) Role of Women:
Women of Sindh were very active in Pakistan Movement. They arranged meetings for women and conveyed the message of Muslim League to the women of Sindh. Regarding Pakistan Movement, the role of Bi-Amman, Miss Fatima Jinnah, Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan, Begum Shaista Ikramullah, Lady Nusrat Haroon and others is unforgetable.

(c) Role of Religious Leaders:
The Ulamas, scholars and the religious leaders of Sindh helped Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim League to convey the message of a separate homeland to common man of Sindh specially the people of rural areas. The services of Pir Pagara and his "Hur" force are remarkable. Sarhandi family of Hyderabad also worked in the struggle for Pakistan.

(d) Role of Students:
The students of Sindh Madrassatul Islam, Karachi and Noor Muhammad High School Hyderabad were in the front line in the struggle of Pakistan. They helped political leaders and women in their struggle of Pakistan.

3. ROLE OF N.W.F.P (K.P.K) IN THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN:
The people of N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.) are very brave and religious. During Pakistan Movement Muslim League was not organized in N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.) but here people were very active in politics. An AntiPakistan Movement under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Dr. Khan Sahib was started. Due to great efforts of Sardar Aurangzeb Khan, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Justice Sajjad Ahmed Jan and Khan Bahadur Assadullah Khan Muslim League emerged as a party of Muslims of N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.). In 1947 referendum was held in the province to decide the fate of the province. In this referendum Congress was defeated and N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.) joined Pakistan on 14th August 1947. All political leaders and women took active part in Pakistan Movement from N.W.F.P. Students of Edward college and Islamia college were also very active in the struggle for Pakistan.

4. BALUCHISTAN:
Before the creation tribal of Pakistan Baluchistan was a Muslim majority area. But there was very strong trible chiefs system. Qazi Muhammad issa, who was close companion of Quaid-e-Azam, organized Muslim League in Baluchistan and soon it gained great popularity among the people who were brave and religious. British government decided that all the "Sardars" will decide in a meeting called "Darbar" to Join India or Pakistan. When the Darbar was held, the Sardars decided to join Pakistan. The Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, Nawab Ahmed Jogezai, Mir Jafar Khan Jamali and others worked for Muslim League and conveyed the message of a separate homeland to common man.

CONCLUSION:
Pakistan came into being on 14th August, 1947 after the great struggle of the Muslims of the sub-continent. All the provinces actively participated in Pakistan Movement. Punjab, Sindh, N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.) and Baluchistan played excellent role in the creation of Pakistan. But the role of Punjab and Sindh is remarkable and unforgettable in the freedom Movement of Pakistan.

Q.8: What are the responsibilities of a citizen of an ideological state?
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. It appeared on the map of the world after hard and long struggle of the Muslims of India. After the creation of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam addressed to the nation on June-15, 1948. He warned the people of Pakistanabout the danger of provincialism and racialism.

He said, "We are Pakistanis instead of Balochi, Pathan,
Sindhi, Punjabi and Bengali. Our thinking and actions
should be like a Pakistani and that we should be proud of
being a Pakistani".

The base of the whole struggle of Pakistan was to form such a society which should be according to the teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. The ideological state demands from the people the following responsibilities.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS OFAN IDEOLOGICAL STATE
1. Teachings of Islam:
They should try to lead their lives according to the teachings of Islam.
Pakistan came in to being to practice the teachings of Islam that's why it is duty of every Pakistani to lead his life according to the principles set by Islam.

2. Struggle for a Democratic Setup:
They should struggle for providing a democratic set-up founded on the principles of Islam.
In Pakistan western type of democracy is not suitable so people must struggle for Islamic democratic system in the country for a strong Pakistan.

3. Citizens Must Be Loyal and Patriotic:
Every citizen of an ideological state should be loyal and patriotic, ready to sacrifice for the state at the time of est.
Pakistan needs patriotic people who must all the time ready to do any thing to save Pakistan from its enemies.

4. Fair Earning:
The citizens should earn their livelihood through honest means and should never use unfair means.
Pakistan is an Islamic state and majority of the people are Muslim they must earn their living through the fair means according to the teachings of Islam.

5. Good Behavior:
Their behavior should be that of educated and civilized individuals.

6. Co-Operation with the Law and Order Agencies:
They should honour the laws of the state and cooperate with the law enforcing agencies. They should never be violent and refrain from breaking law.

7. Participation in the National Activities:
They should participate in the activities which promote national integrity, honour and progress.
The people of Pakistan must keep in touch with the national activities. They must cast their vote on the elections day and they must help their Muslim bothers during flood, earthquake and other problems.

8. Welfare Work:
They should be hardworking and should contribute to the welfare of the society.
Pakistan is a developing country and there is great need of welfare work in our country. So, it is the duty of every Pakistani to do some kind of welfare work for the betterment of the society.

9. Performance of Obligations:
They should be hard working in performing their obligation.
As an honest nation, we must perform our duties honestly and according to best of our abilities. Along with that we must perform our religious obligations according to Islam.

10. Promotion of Muslim Brotherhood:
They should be ready to help other and promote Muslim brotherhood for the glory of mankind.
Our Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said that Muslims living any where in the world are one Ummat so we must promote brother hood among the Muslims of the world to bring them closer to each other.

CONCLUSION:
Pakistan is an ideological state. The ideology of Pakistan is Islam. There are many responsibilities and duties of a citizen in an ideological state. He must be a true honest, loyal, dutiful, cooperative and fair Muslim. Pakistan is our motherland and we must realize our responsibilities as a good citizen of Pakistan.

Q.9: Highlight the main points, which make the character of Quaid-e-Azam a model for others.
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan is our beloved homeland and we got this homeland after great efforts of the Muslims of South Asia. Quaid-e-Azam was a real statesman. He was a man of character and very honest person. That is why he was un-disputed leader of the Muslims of South Asia. His character is a model for others due to many qualities as a politician and head of the state.
Here, we are discussing the main features of the qualities and character of Quaid-e-Azam.

MAIN FEATURES OF QUAID-E-AZAM'S PERSONALITY:
Following are the main features of Quaid-e-Azam's personality.

1. Man of Principle:
He was a man of principle and acted upon whatever he said or promised to do. Even non Muslims also appreciated him due to his firm principles.

2. Intelligent Leader:
He was an intelligent political leader. He always showed courage, sense of responsibility and dedication to his cause.
Through his intelligence he won the separate home land for the Muslims of South Asia from two cunning nations British and the Hindus.

3. Courageous Leader:
He was an honest and a courageous person to speak what he considered was in the interest of the Muslims of South Asia. He stood like a rock in front of two great powers Hindus and the British. Two times some people tried to kill him but he did not leave the struggle for Pakistan.

4. A Pleasing Personality:
He possessed a pleasing personality combined with polished manners. His presence in the gathering remained an attraction for others.
Any one who met him once, wanted to see him again due to his pleasing personality.

5. A Man of Strong Character:
He possessed very strong character and never compromised on principles especially on the cause of Muslims and Pakistan.
During Pakistan movement many benefits and incentives Were offered to him by the British and the Hindus to leave the struggle of Pakistan but he refused them. As first Governor General of Pakistan he worked very honestly.

6. A Man of Determination:
He was a resolute man of untiring spirit.
He was determined to get a separate homeland for the Muslims of United India. He never stopped his struggle and finally he attained a separate homeland for the Muslims, due to his firm believe and determination.

7. A Devoted Person:
He devoted his life for Pakistan. It was his vision, courage and selfless dedication that he overcame the huge problems of Pakistan.
During Pakistan movement he was severely ill but he did not care of his disease and tirelessly worked day in and day out to get a separate home land for the Muslims.

8. Great Supporter of Younger Generation:
He was a great Supporter and admirer of the young generation of students and considered them the future of Islam and Pakistan.
He always supported the young generation to come forward and work for Pakistan. He advised them not to take part in the political activities for their better future.

CONCLUSION:
Quaid-e-Azam who is the founder of Pakistan, was .a great Muslim leader of the Muslims of South Asia. He had a great personality due to many qualities. He was a man of principle, dedicated, devoted, honest, courageous, strong and intelligent leader. We must follow Quaid-e-Azam as he had great qualities and abilities as a statesman.

ملت کا پاسباں ہے محمد علی جناح
ملت ہے جسم جاں ہے محمد علی جناح

Q.10: Describe the role of Quaid-e-Azam as the Governor General of Pakistan.

OR

Describe the problems faced by Pakistan as a newly born state.
Ans: INTRODUCTION:
The Muslims of United India launched the movement for a separate homeland under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. He Worked very hard with full devotion to achieve Pakistan.
When Pakistan came into being he became the first Governor-General of Pakistan. He died in 1948, due to this he remained in this office for a short time even then, he played great and effective role as first Governor General of Pakistan.

QUAID-E-AZAM'S ROLE AS GOVERNOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN:
Following are the main features of the role of Quaid-e-Aiam as Governor General of Pakistan when Pakistan faced many problems at the time of its birth like settlement of refugees, distribution of assets between India and Pakistan, canal water issue and the Kashmir problem.

1. National Unity:
The initial problems of Pakistan required national integrity and close cooperation among the people of the new country. It was the wisdom of Quaid-e-Azam who created national spirit and sense of patriotism among people on different issues.
He visited the whole of Pakistan, after becoming Governor General of Pakistan for national unity.

2. Settlement. of Refugees:
About 6.5 million Muslims were rendered homeless in India and forced to migrate to Pakistan to find refuge. Their settlement was a huge task. Quaid-e-Azam paid full attention to set up these refugees. Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund was set up. Quaid-e-Azam looked after them and created unity among the people to settle them.

3. Advice to the Governments Officials:
Quaid-e-Azam said that government officers should prove themselves as true public servants and advised them to perform their duties like public servants with honesty and above any attachment to any political party or group. The advice of Quaid-e-Azam infused a new spirit among them.

4. Negation to Provincial and Racial Discrimination:
In Pakistan four different nations are living with four different cultures. That is why Quaid-e-Azam wanted unity among the people of Pakistan. He negated all types of provincial and racial discrimination. He advised them to be Pakistani instead of Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pakhtoon and Bengali.

5. Islamic Economic System:
Quaid-e-Azam was not in favour of western economic system. He said that the Western economic system was not suitable for Pakistan and will not bring prosperity to the-people of this country. We have to evolve a system based on the Islamic teachings and principles.

6. Foreign Policy:
After independence, Quaid-e-Azam made great efforts to make Pakistan the member of U.N.O. Under his guidance diplomatic relations were established with a number of countries in a short time. The focal point of Pakistan foreign policy was to maintain friendly relations with all countries specially with the close-neighbours and Muslim countries.

7. Advice to the Students:
Quaid-e-Azam held the view that the youth of Pakistan are its future asset. He advised the students to pay due attention to their education. He appreciated the role played by the students in the creation of Pakistan.

8. Dedication:
At the time of emergence of Pakistan in 1947, Quaid-e-Azam was not well, but he continued his working day and night to solve the problems of Pakistan. That's why he is called "Father of the Nation".

9. Kashmir Issue:
Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General offered India to discuss the Kashmir issue to solve it. In this way he tried his level best to solve this big issue as a head of state.

10. Canal Water Dispute:
Pakistan. is an agricultural country and it depends on agriculture. When United India divided India into two countries, the canal system of Punjab was also divided. Many canals which were flowing in Pakistan had their head works in India. It was a great danger for the agriculture of Pakistan. An issue was started called canal water issue.
Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General of Pakistan tried to solved this-problem and sent delegations to India and UNO to solve this issue of great importance.

CONCLUSION:
Quaid-e-Azam led whole struggle of Pakistan and became its first Governor General in 1947 after independence. As a Governor General he rendered great services. As a Governor General he was honest, hard working, dedicated, devoted and active. He only worked in the national interest and also advised others to do so. His period as a the Governor General of Pakistan is a model for today's rulers.

Q.11: Write the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam.
Ans: BACKGROUND:
In 1916, Lucknow pact was signed between the Congress and the Muslim League in which the Congress, for the first time accepted Muslim League and demand of the Muslim-leaders for the separate electorates. In 1928, British government invited all the political parties of India for some kind of suggestions for the future constitution of India because the British government wanted to give share in the government to Indians, so the All Parties Conference was held under the leadership of Mr. Moti Lal Nehru. He prepared a report based on the suggestion of the political parties of India about the future constitution. This report is called Nehru Report.

THE NEHRU REPORT:
The report which was prepared by Mr. Moti Lal Nehru to present to the British was called Nehru Report. In this report, all the demands of the Hindus were kept but no demands of the Muslims were entertained. All the Muslims of united India rejected Nehru Report.

FOURTEEN POINTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM:
In 1928, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad All Jinnah was leading Muslim League and Muslims. When all the Muslims of India rejected the Nehru Report, Quaid-e-Azam came forward and formulated the fourteen demands of Muslims. These fourteen demands of Muslims are known in the history as "Jinnah's" Fourteen Points". In fourteen points of Quaid e-Azam no demand was against the Hindus.
Here we are discussing Jinnah's Fourteen Points.

1. Federal Constitution:
The form of the future constitution should be federal. It means one central authority with residuary power vested to the provinces. Federal form of constitution was demanded to provide complete autonomy to the Muslim majority provinces of united India.

2. Uniform Autonomy:
All the provinces should be given equal provincial autonomy.
In the past some Muslims majority provinces were not given complete autonomy as compared to Hindu majority provinces.

3. Representation of Minorities in the Legislature:
Legislature means law-making body, so all legislatures in the county and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province and in no province should a majority be reduced to minority.

4. Muslim Representation in Central Legislature:
Muslim representation shall not be less than one third in the central legislative assembly.
Muslims were nearly 30% of the total population of United India, but according to their size representation was not given to them in central legislature. Their representation was demanded according to their size.

5. Separate Electorate:
Quaid-e-Azam demanded separate electorate for the Muslims.
To stop the election of Hindus from Muslim areas, Quaid-e-Azam demanded separate electorate.

6. Muslim Majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P (Khyber P.K.):
Any territorial redistribution that might any time be necessary shall not on any way affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P. (Khyber P.K.).

7. Religious Liberty for All:
Full religious freedom, that is, liberty of belief and observance, propaganda, association and education, shall be ensured to all communities.

8. Consent of Muslims for Passing of any Bill in the Legislature:
No bill or resolution which does not have the support of three-fourth of the representatives of a particular sect, should be passed in the assembly.

9. Separation if Sindh from Bombay:
Sindh should he separated from Bombay Presidency.
Quaid-e-Azam demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency because Sindh was a Muslims majority area and, in Bombay, Hindus were in majority. He wanted another Muslims majority province in India in the form of Sindh.

10. Reforms for N.W.F.P (Khyber P.K.) and Balochistan:
The introduction of new reforms in N.W.F.P. and Balochistan on the same footing as other provinces.
In Balochistan and N.W.F.P. there was poverty and they were very backward Muslims majority provinces. Quaid-e-Azam wanted more development in these provinces.

11. Muslims Share in Services:
Proper representation should be given to the Muslims in all the services of the State and in local self-governing bodies having due-regard to the requirements of efficiency.

12. Protection for Muslim Culture and Civilization Should Be Granted:
Constitutional safeguard, should be provided for Muslim culture and civilization from other nations and the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion, and personal laws, and their due share in grants-in-aid given by the state.

13. Muslims Share in Ministries:
No ministry in the centre or the provinces should be formed which haS less than one-third of the seats for the Muslims in the centre.

14. No Change in the Constitution without the Consent of the Muslims:
No change shall be made in the constitution by the central legislature except with the concurrence of the states constituting the Indian federation.

IMPORTANCE OF QUAID-E-AZAM FOURTEEN POINTS IN THE HISTORY OF PAKISTAN:
The fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam are the milestone in the history of Pakistan. Firstly Quaid-e-Azam emerged as a great and devoted Muslim leader. Secondly, Muslims of United India got a new spirit of freedom. So, under the leader ship of Quaid-e-Azam, they gathered under the flag of Muslim League, Muslims made their joint efforts to save their rights and their separate identity and started the Pakistan Movement. By the Jinnah's fourteen points the Muslims were practically benefited also because British accepted some of their demands.
So, in short Jinnah's Fourteen Points played a vital role to achieve Pakistan.

CONCLUSION:
Nehru Report was published in 1928, in which some suggestions for the future constitution of India were kept. This report was totally in favour of Hindus and no demand of Muslim was kept in it. It was largely rejected by all the Muslims in united India. In the response of Nehru Report, Quaid-e-Azam framed fourteen demands of Muslims known in the history as "JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS". These points have great importance in our history as Quaid-e-Azam appeared as a great leader of Muslims after giving these demands. Muslims worked more keenly for the separate homeland of Pakistan.