BIOLOGY - FOR MDCAT 2025

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According To PMDC Syllabus 2025
Content List for Biology

MCQs Practise Test

• MDCAT 2025 - Biology XII - MCQs with Answers - Practice Test 1

List Of Chapters

1. ACELLULAR LIFE
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Viruses
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 1.1 Classify viruses on the basis of their structure / number of strands / diseases / hosts etc.
  
  
• AIDS and HIV Infection
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 1.2 Identify symptoms, mode of transmission and cause of viral disease (AIDS).
  

2. BIOENERGETICS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Respiration:
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 2.1 Outline the cellular respiration of proteins and fats and correlate these with that of glucose.

3. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Biological molecules
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.1 Define and classify biological molecules.
  ⇒ 3.2 Discuss the importance of biological molecules.
  
  
• Biological Importance of Water
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.3 Describe biologically important properties of water (polarity, hydrolysis, specific heat, water as solvent and reagent, density, cohesion /ionization).
  
  
• Carbohydrates
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.4 Discuss carbohydrates: monosaccharides (glucose), Oligosaccharides (cane sugar, sucrose, lactose), polysaccharides (starches, cellulose, glycogen).
  
  
• Proteins
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.5 Describe proteins: amino acids, structure of proteins.
  
  
• Lipids
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.6 Describe lipids: phospholipids, triglycerides, alcohol and esters (acylglycerol).
  
  
• Ribonucleic acid RNA
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.7 Give an account of structure and function RNA.
  
  
• Conjugated molecules
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.8 Discuss conjugated molecules (glycol lipids, glycol proteins).
  
  
• Structure of DNA
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 3.9 Explain the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick.
  ⇒ 3.10 Define gene is a sequence of nucleotides as part of DNA, which codes for the formation of a polypeptide.

4. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Cell Structure
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 4.1 Compare the structure of typical animal and plant cell.
  
  
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 4.2 Compare and contrast the structure of prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells.
  
  
• Cytoplasmic Organelles
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 4.3 Outline the structure and function of the following organelles: nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus a Mitochondria.
  
  
• Chromosomes
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 4.4 Describe the structure, chemical composition and function of chromosomes.

5. COORDINATION & CONTROL/ NERVOUS & CHEMICAL COORDINATION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Receptors
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 5.1 Recognize receptors as transducers sensitive to various stimuli.
  
  
• Neurons
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 5.2 Explain the structure of a typical neuron (cell body, dendrites, axon and myelin sheath.
  ⇒ 5.3 Define nerve impulse.
  ⇒ 5.4 Classify reflexes.
  ⇒ 5.5 Briefly explain the functions of components of a reflex arc.
  
  
• Brain
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 5.6 Discuss the main parts of the brain (e.g., components of brainstem, midbrain, cerebellum, cerebrum).
  ⇒ 5.7 Describe the functions of each part.

6. ENZYMES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Enzymes
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 6.1 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of enzymes.
  
  
• Mode of Enzyme Action
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 6.2 Explain mechanism of action of enzymes.
  
  
• Factors that Affect the Rate of Enzyme Reactions
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 6.3 Describe effects of factor on enzyme action (temperature, pH and concentration).
  
  
• Inhibitors
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 6.4 Describe enzyme inhibitors.

7. EVOLUTION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Concept of Evolution
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 7.1 Explain origin of life according to concept of evolution.
  
  
• Lamarckism
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 7.2 Describe the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, as proposed by Lamarck.
  
  
• Darwinism
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 7.3 Explain the theory of natural selection as proposed by Darwin.

8. REPRODUCTION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Human Reproductive system
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 8.1 Describe the functions of various parts of the male & female reproductive systems and the hormones that regulate those functions.
  
  
• Menstrual cycle
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 8.2 Describe the menstrual cycle (female reproductive cycle) emphasizing the role of hormones.
  
  
• Sexually transmitted diseases
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 8.3 List the common sexually transmitted diseases along with their causative agents and main symptoms.

9. SUPPORT & MOVEMENT
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Human skeleton
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.1 Describe cartilage, muscle and bone.
  ⇒ 9.2 Explain the main characteristics of cartilage and bone along with functions.
  
  
• Muscles
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.3 Compare characteristics of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles.
  
  
• Skeletal muscles
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.4 Explain the ultra-structure of skeletal muscles.
  
  
• Muscle contraction
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.5 Describe in brief the process of skeletal muscle contraction.
  
  
• Joints
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.6 Classify joints.
  
  
• Arthritis
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 9.7 Define arthritis.

10. INHERITANCE
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Mendel’s laws of Inheritance
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 10.1 Associate inheritance with the laws of Mendel.
  ⇒ 10.2 Explain the law of independent assortment, using a suitable example.
  
  
• Gene linkage and crossing over
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 10.3 Describe the terms gene linkage and crossing over.
  ⇒ 10.4 Explain how gene linkage counters independent assortment and crossing-over modifies the progeny.
  
  
• X-linked Recessive inheritance
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 10.5 Describe the concept of sex-linkage.
  ⇒ 10.6 Briefly describe Inheritance of sex –linked traits.
  ⇒ 10.7 Analyze the inheritance of hemophilia.

11. CIRCULATION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Human Heart
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 11.1 Discuss general structure of human heart.
  
  
• Cardiac cycle and phases of Heartbeat
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 11.2 Describe the phases of heartbeat.
  
  
• Blood Vessels
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 11.3 List the differences and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.
  
  
• Lymphatic system
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 11.4 Describe lymphatic system (nodes, vessels and organs).

12. IMMUNITY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Specific Defense Mechanism
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 12.1 Define and discuss the functions and importance of specific defense mechanisms.

13. RESPIRATION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Human Respiratory System
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 13.1 Discuss the functions of main part of respiratory system.
  ⇒ 13.2 Discuss the process of gas exchange in human lungs.
  ⇒ 13.3 Discuss the effect of smoking on respiratory system.

14. DIGESTION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Human digestive system
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 14.1 Describe the parts of human digestive system.
  ⇒ 14.2 Explain the functions of the main parts of the digestive system including associated structures and glands.

15. HOMEOSTASIS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Homeostasis (kidney specifically)
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 15.1 Explain different organs of urinary system. Describe the structure of kidney and relate it with its function.
  ⇒ 15.2 Explain the processes of glomerular filtration, selective re-absorption and tubular secretion as the events in kidney functioning.
  ⇒ 15.3 Justify the functioning of kidneys as both excretion and osmoregulation.
  ⇒ 15.4 Compare the function of two major capillary beds in kidney i.e. glomerular capillaries and peritubular capillaries.
  ⇒ 15.5 Explain the causes and treatments of kidney stones.
  ⇒ 15.6 Outline the causes of kidney failure.
  
  
• Thermoregulation
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 15.7 Describe thermoregulation and explain its needs.
  
  
• Excretion
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 15.8 List various nitrogenous compounds excreted during the process of excretion.

16. BIOTECHNOLOGY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Biotechnology and Health Care
  * Learning outcomes:
  ⇒ 16.1 Describe how biotechnologists can combat health problems by producing vaccines.
  ⇒ 16.2 State the role played by biotechnology in disease diagnosis (DNA/RNA probes, monoclonal antibodies).
  ⇒ 16.3 Describe what products biotechnologists obtain for use in disease treatment.