CHEMISTRY - FOR MDCAT 2025

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According To PMDC Syllabus 2025
Content List for Chemistry

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION OF FUNDAMENTALS CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Moles and Avogadro’s Numbers
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 1.1 Construct mole ratios from balanced equations for use as conversion factors in stoichiometric problems.
  ⇒ 1.2 Perform stoichiometric calculations with balanced equations using moles, representative particles, masses and volumes of the gases (at ST).
  
  
• Limiting and Excess Reactants
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 1.3 Explain the limiting reagent in reaction.
  ⇒ 1.4 Calculate the maximum number of products produced and the amount of any un-reacted excess reagent.
  
  
• Yield
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 1.5 Given information from which any two the following may be determine, calculate the third: theoretical yield, actual yield,percentage yield.
  ⇒ 1.6 Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield when given the balanced equation, the amount of reactants and the actual yield.
  

UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Discovery of Proton Planck’s Quantum Theory
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 2.1 Describe discovery and properties of proton (Positive rays).
  ⇒ 2.2 Define Photon as a unit of radiation energy.
  
  
• Quantum Number
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 2.3 Describe the concept of orbitals.
  ⇒ 2.4 Distinguish among Principal energy level, energy sub-level and atomic orbitals.
  
  
• Shapes of orbitals
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 2.5 Describe the general shapes of S, P and orbitals.
  
  
• Spectrum of Hydrogen
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 2.6 Describe Hydrogen Atom using the quantum theory.
  
  
• Electronic Configuration
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 2.7 Use the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule to write the Electronic Configuration of atoms.
  ⇒ 2.8 Write electronic configuration of atom
  

UNIT 3: GASES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Kinetic Molecular Theory
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.1 List the postulates of Kinetic Molecular theory.
  ⇒ 3.2 Describe the motion of particles of the gas according to kinetic theory.
  
  
• Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.3 State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
  
  
• Boyle’s Law
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.4 Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas.
  
  
• Charles’s Law
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.5 Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas.
  
  
• Absolute Zero
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.6 Explain the significance of the absolute zero, giving its value in degree.
  
  
• Ideal Gas Equation
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.7 Derive Ideal Gas equation using Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law and Avogadro’s Law.
  
  
• Unit of “R”
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.8 Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant.
  
  
• Real and Ideal Gas
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 3.9 Distinguish between Real and Ideal Gases.
  

UNIT 4: LIQUID
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Properties Of Liquids based on Kinetic Molecular Theory
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 4.1 Describe simple properties of liquids e.g diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on kinetic molecular theory.
  
  
• Evaporation, Boiling point and Vapor Pressure
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 4.2 Explain physical properties of liquid such as evaporation, vapor pressure, boiling point.
  
  
• Hydrogen Bonding
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 4.3 Describe the hydrogen bonding in 𝐻₂O, 𝑁𝐻₃ and HF molecules.
  
  
• Anomalous behavior of Water
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 4.4 Anomalous behavior of water when its density shows maximum at 4 degrees centigrade.
  

UNIT 5: SOLID
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Crystalline Solids
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 5.1 Describe crystalline solid.
  
  
• Factors Affecting the Shape of Ionic Crystals
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 5.2 Name three factors that affect the shape of the ionic crystals.
  
  
• Difference between Ionic and Molecular Crystals
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 5.3 Give brief description of ionic and molecular crystals.
  
  
• Crystal lattice
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 5.4 Explain the structure of a crystal lattice.
  
  
• Lattice Energy
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 5.5 Define Lattice Energy.
  

UNIT 6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Chemical Equilibrium
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.1 Define chemical equilibrium in terms of reversible reaction.
  ⇒ 6.2 Write both forward and reverse. Describe them macroscopic characteristics of each.
  
  
• Le Chatelier’s principle
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.3 State Le Chatelier’s principle and be able to apply it to systems in equilibrium with changes in concentration, pressure, temperature or addition of catalyst.
  
  
• Solubility Products
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.4 Define and explain solubility products.
  
  
• Common Ion Effect
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.5 Define and explain the common ion effect by giving suitable examples.
  
  
• Buffer Solution
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.6 Define buffer solution and explain types of buffers.
  
  
• Haber’s Process
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 6.7 Explain synthesis of Ammonia by Haber’s process.
  

UNIT 7: REACTION KINETICS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Chemical Kinetics
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 7.1 Define chemical kinetics.
  ⇒ 7.2 Explain the terms: rate of reaction, rate equation.
  
  
• Factors affecting rate of reaction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 7.3 Explain qualitatively factors affecting rate of reaction.
  
  
• Order of Reaction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 7.4 Give the order with respect to the reactant, write the rate of law for reaction.
  ⇒ 7.5 Explain the meaning of the term “activation energy” and “activated complex”.
  ⇒ 7.6 Relate the ideas of activation energy and the activated complex to the rate of reaction.
  
  
• Rate Constant
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 7.7 Describe the role of the rate constant in the theoretical determination of reaction rate.
  

UNIT 8: THERMO CHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTION
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Thermodynamics
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.1 Define Thermodynamics.
  
  
• Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.2 Classify reactions as exothermic and endothermic.
  
  
• Different Terms Used
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.3 Define the terms system, surrounding boundary, state function, heat, heat capacity, internal energy, work done and enthalpy of a substance.
  
  
• Internal Energies
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.4 Name and define the units of the Internal energy.
  
  
• Law of Thermodynamics
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.5 Explain the first law of thermodynamics of energy conservation.
  
  
• Hess’s Law
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.6 Apply Hess’s Law to construct simple energy cycles.
  
  
• Enthalpy
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 8.7 Describe enthalpy of the reaction.
  

UNIT 9: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Redox Reaction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 9.1 Give the characteristics of a redox reaction.
  
  
• Oxidation and Reduction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 9.2 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of a change in oxidation number.
  
  
• Balancing Chemical Reaction
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 9.3 Use the oxidation number change method to identify atoms being oxidized or reduced in redox reactions.
  
  
• Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 9.4 Define Cathode, anode, electrode potential and S.H.E.
  ⇒ 9.5 Define the standard electrode potential of an electrode.
  

UNIT 10:CHEMICAL BONDING
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• VSEPR Theory
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.1 Use VSEPR Theory to describe the shapes of the molecules.
  
  
• Sigma and Pi Bond
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.2 Describe the features of sigma and pi-bonds.
  
  
• Hybridization
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.3 Describe the shapes of simple molecules using orbital hybridization.
  
  
• Application of VSEPR Theory
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.4 Determine the shapes of some molecules from the number of the bonded pairs.
  
  
• Dipole Movement
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.5 Predict the molecular polarity from the shapes of molecules.
  
  
• Application of Dipole Movement
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.6 Explain what is meant by the term ionic character of the covalent bond.
  ⇒ 10.7 Describe how knowledge of molecular polarity can be used to explain some physical and chemical properties of the molecules.
  
  
• Bond Energy
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 10.8 Define bond energies and explain how they can be used to compare bonds strength of different chemical bonds.
  

UNIT 11: S- AND P- BLOCK ELEMENTS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Properties and their Trends
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 11.1 Define and explain the terms atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electro negativity, bond energy and bond length.
  
  
• S-, P-, D- & F- Block Elements
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 11.2 Recognize the demarcation of the periodic table into S-block, P-block, D-block and F-block.
  
  
• Reaction of Group I elements
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 11.3 Describe reactions of Group I elements with water, oxygen and chlorine.
  
  
• Reaction of Group II elements
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 11.4 Describe reactions of Group II elements with water, oxygen and chlorine.
  
  
• Reaction of Group IV elements
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 11.5 Describe reactions of Group IV Elements.
  

UNIT 12: TRANSITION ELEMENTS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Electronic Structure
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 12.1 Describe the electronic structures of the elements and ions of d-block Elements.
  
  

UNIT 13: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Definition and Classification of Organic Compound
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 13.1 Define organic chemistry and organic compound.
  ⇒ 13.2 Classify organic compounds on structural basis.
  
  
• Functional Group
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 13.3 Define functional group.
  
  
• Isomerism
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 13.4 Explain stereoisomerism and its types.
  

UNIT 14: CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Nomenclature of Alkanes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.1 Describe the nomenclature of Alkanes.
  
  
• Free Radical Mechanism
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.2 Define Free Radical Initiation, propagation and termination.
  ⇒ 14.3 Describe the mechanism of the free radical substitution in alkanes exemplified by Methane and Ethane.
  
  
• Nomenclature of Alkenes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.4 Explain the IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes.
  
  
• Shapes of Alkenes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.5 Explain the shapes of the Ethene molecules in terms of Sigma and Pi C-C Bonds.
  
  
• Structure and Reactivity of Alkenes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.6 Describe the structure and reactivity of Alkenes as exemplified by Ethene.
  
  
• Preparation of Alkanes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.7 Explain Dehydration of Alcohols and Dehydrohalogenation of RX for the preparation of Ethane.
  
  
• MOT of Benzene Resonance and Resonance Energy
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.8 Explain the shape of Benzene Molecules (Molecular orbital treatment).
  ⇒ 14.9 Define resonance, resonance energy and relative stability.
  
  
• Reactivity of Benzene
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.10 Compare the reactivity of benzene with alkanes and alkenes.
  
  
• Chemical Reactions of Benzenes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.11 Define addition reactions of benzene and methylbenzene.
  ⇒ 14.12 Describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in Benzene.
  ⇒ 14.13 Discuss chemistry of benzene and methylbenzene by nitration, sulphonation, halogenation Friedel Craft’s Alkylation and acylation.
  
  
• Effect of Substituents
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.14 Apply the knowledge of positions of substituents in the electrophilic substitution of benzene.
  
  
• IUPAC System of Alkynes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.15 Use the IUPAC naming System of Alkynes.
  
  
• Preparation of Alkynes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.16 Describe the preparation of Alkynes using elimination reactions.
  
  
• Acidity of Alkynes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.17 Describe the acidity of alkynes.
  
  
• Reactions of Alkynes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.18 Discuss chemistry of alkynes by hydrogenation, hydro halogenation and hydration.
  
  
• Substitution vs Addition
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 14.19 Describe and differentiate between substitution and Addition reactions.
  

UNIT 15: ALKYL HALIDES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Nomenclature Structure and Reactivity
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 15.1 Name Alkyl Halides using IUPAC system.
  ⇒ 15.2 Discuss the structure and reactivity of RX.
  
  
• Substitution vs Elimination
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 15.3 Describe the mechanism and types of nucleophilic substitution reactions.
  ⇒ 15.4 Describe the mechanism and types of elimination reactions.
  

UNIT 16: ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Nomenclature, structure and reactivity of Alcohol
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 16.1 Explain nomenclature and structure of Alcohols.
  ⇒ 16.2 Explain the reactivity of Alcohols.
  ⇒ 16.3 Describe the chemistry of alcohols by preparation of ethers and esters.
  
  
• Nomenclature, structure and reactivity of Phenols
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 16.4 Explain the nomenclature, structure and reactivity of Alcohol.
  ⇒ 16.5 Discuss the reactivity of phenol and their chemistry by electrophilic aromatic substitution.
  
  
• Alcohols and Phenols
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 16.6 Differentiate between an alcohol and phenol.
  

UNIT 17: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Nomenclature and structure of Aldehydes and Ketones
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 17.1 Explain nomenclature and structure of Aldehydes and Ketones.
  
  
• Preparation
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 17.2 Discuss the preparation of aldehydes and ketones.
  
  
• Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 17.3 Describe Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones and their comparison.
  
  
• Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 17.4 Describe Acid and Base catalyzed Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
  ⇒ 17.5 Discuss the chemistry of Aldehydes and Ketones by their reduction to alcohols.
  ⇒ 17.6 Describe oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
  

UNIT 18: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Nomenclature, Structure and Preparation of Carboxylic Acid
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 18.1 Describe nomenclature, Structure and Preparation of Carboxylic Acid.
  
  
• Chemical Reactions/Reactivity
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 18.2 Discuss reactivity of carboxylic acid.
  
  
• Conversion of Carboxylic Acid
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 18.3 Describe the Chemistry of carboxylic acid by conversion to carboxylic acid derivative: acyl halides, an acid hydrides, esters and reaction involving into conversion of these.
  

UNIT 19: MACRO MOLECULES
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Classification of Proteins
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 19.1 Explain the basis of classification and structure function relationship of proteins.
  
  
• Importance of Proteins
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 19.2 Describe the role of various proteins in maintaining body functions and their Nutritional importance.
  
  
• Enzymes as Biocatalyst
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 19.3 Describe the role of enzymes as Biocatalyst.
  

UNIT 20: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
TOPICS / SUBTOPICS

• Adhesive
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 20.1 Know about types and application of Adhesive.
  
  
• Dyes
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 20.2 Know about types of dies and their uses.
  
  
• Polymers
  * Learning Objectives:
  ⇒ 20.3 Know about condensation and addition polymers and their sub-types.