Biology For Class IX - Chapter No.3 - Biodiversity - Questions and Answers

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CHAPTER 3
BIODIVERSITY
Questions and Answers

Q.1: Define biodiversity and write down importance of biodiversity?
Ans: DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY:
Biodiversity is the combination of two words; Bio (life), diversity (variation) thus it is defined as;

“The biodiversity or biological diversity is the degree of variation within or among the species exist on different regions of the earth”.

It is comprised of different organisms such as bacteria, protozoans, algae , fungi , animals and plants.

Importance of Biodiversity:

1. Biodiversity provides many beneficial products which includes fiber, oil, dyes, rubber, water, timber, paper and food.
2. It also stabilizes the ecosystem by recycling the nutrients, reduces the amount of pollution by means of forest and providing fertile soils.
3. Biodiversity also plays an important role in drug discovery and medicinal resources. Medicines from nature account for usage by 80% of the world's population.
4. It also beautifies the nature with lots of tress and animals found in different regions which enhances the tourism.
5. It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply.

Q.2: Define Classification? Write down aim and principle of classification?
Ans: CLASSIFICATION:

Biologists mapped the whole diversity of organisms exist on earth, into simple groups. To understand about the characteristics of specific organisms individually, is simply called classification.
OR

Classification is actually based on the similar and dissimilar characteristics what organisms shared with each other and by this biologists can easily study and identify the organisms.
OR

To study such a diverse pack of organisms exist on earth, biologists classified the organisms into groups and sub groups. This grouping of organisms is called biological classification.

AIMS OF CLASSIFICATION:
Taxonomy:

Biologists classified the organisms in order to make them study easily, so the science of classification is called Taxonomy. (Taxon=group, Nomy=naming)
OR

Taxonomy can be define as a branch of biology, which deals with the description, identification, classification and naming of living organisms according to structural similarities and dissimilarities.

Aim Of Classification:
The main aims of this branch are:

• To determine similarities and dissimilarities among organisms so that they can be studied easily.
• To find the evolutionary relationship among organisms.

BASIS AND PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION:
A system of classification is necessary because of the abundance of the variety of life on earth. There are currently around 1.5 million species that have been described and have been given scientific names. Some times it is impossible to classify organisms using external feature, therefore scientists use other characteristics to classify organisms.
Following basis and principle are used to classify living organism:

1. Morphological Structure:
   Some organisms share similar fundamental characteristics or functions. It is further explained by means of Morphology (external features of an organism) in which we study the organisms on the basis of their:
   i. Homologous are organs of different organisms which are similar in structure and have different functions e.g. The arm of a Human being and wings of a bird or bat, Arm of Human, cat, bat and flipper of whale.
   Analogous are organs of different organisms which are different in structure and have same functions. e.g. Wings of Butterfly and Bat.
   
2. Cytology: in which organisms are classified on the basis of cellular study.
   
3. Genetics: in which organisms are classified on the basis of genetic constitution and their development pattern.
   
4. Biochemistry: Biochemistry is also employed in which the chemical substances of the organisms are compared.

Q.3: What is taxonomic hierarchy? Draw ladder of Taxonomic hierarchy or Illustrate the units of classification?
Ans: Taxonomic Hierarchy:
The groups into which organisms are classified are known as taxonomic categories or taxa (singular taxon). The taxa are arranged in ascending order and form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy.

Ladder of Taxonomic hierarchy OR Units of classification:
Following are the units of Classification:

• Species: The smallest and basic unit of classification is species. Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with the fundamental similarities as a species. Thus all the members of the particular species share the similar structure and characteristics and can naturally interbreed to produce a fertile offspring. Each species possesses its own distinct structural, ecological and behavioral characteristics.
• Genera: Closely related species are grouped together into genera (singular-genus).
• Families: Similar genera are grouped together into families.
• Orders: families are grouped together into orders.
• Classes: orders are grouped together into classes.
• Phyla or Division: classes are grouped together into phyla or division.
• Kingdom:The kingdom is the highest taxon of classification. phyla or division are grouped together into kingdoms. All organisms are classified into five kingdoms. On the basis of similarities, each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa. (Phyla - Species)

Q.4: Write down classification of Human being and pea with common and scientific name.
Ans: Simple Classification of Human and Pea

Taxa	Human	Pea
Kingdom	Animalia	Plantae
Phylum	Chordate	Magnoliophyta
Class	Mammalia	Magnoliopside
Order	Primates	Fabales
Family	Hominidae	Fabaceae
Genus	Homo	Pisum
Species	Sapiens	Sativum
Scientific name	Homo sapiens	Pisum sativum
Common Name	Human	Pea

Q.5: Describe history of classification? Or What are the contributions of Aristotle, Abu usman Umer Aljahiz, Ernst Hackle, Édouard Chatton, Copeland, Robert Whittaker, and Carolus Linnaeus in taxonomy?
Ans: HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION:
The system that we still use today for giving scientific names to plants and animals has many founders, from the Greek philosopher Aristotle to the Swedish physician and botanist Carolus Linnaeus.

1. Contribution Of Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) in Taxonomy:

• Taxonomy's first father was the philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), sometimes called the "father of science."
• It was Aristotle who first introduced the two key concepts of taxonomy as we practice it today: classification of organisms by type and binomial definition.
• He grouped the types of creatures according to their similarities: animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live on water and animals that live on land.
• Book:
  Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all the kinds of animals in his book on Animals (Historia Animalium in Latin).

2. Contribution Of Abu usman Umer Aljahiz in Taxonomy:

• Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz was the first eminent Arab zoologist of the Muslim world.
• He used to slaughter animals for studying the internal organs of their bodies.
• He also opened the abdomen of pregnant animals to find out the number of embryos and the location of each one of them in the body.
• Book:
  His Encyclopedic work in seven big volumes Kitab al-Haywan (Book of Animals) is the most famous work on zoology, in which he has described in detail, the kinds of animals, their behavioral characteristics and their diseases and treatment.

3. Contribution Of Carolus Linnaeus:

• Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them.
• He divided nature into two kingdoms classification: Kingdom Plantea and Kingdom aAnimilia
• Carolus Linnaeus is considered as the father of Taxonomy.

4. Contribution Of Ernst Hackle in Taxonomy:

• Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new Kingdom named as Protista to accommodate the organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants and animals, or unique to their own such as Euglena, Bacteria were also placed under this kingdom.
• He introduced three kingdom classification: Kingdom Plant , Kingdom Animal and kingdom Protista.

5. Contribution Of Edouard Chatton in Taxonomy:

• In 1937, Édouard Chatton clearified the concept of procariotique and Eucariotique to describe the cellular characteristics of organisms.

6. Contribution Of Copeland (1959) in Taxonomy:

• Copeland (1959) came forward with a four kingdom system to classify the living beings.
• He designed a new kingdom named as Monera to place all the lower protists which include prokaryotic unicellular organisms and remaining single celled eukaryotic organisms were included in Protista.

7. Contribution Of Robert Whittaker:

• Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into Five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate kingdom.
• This system of classification was based on; Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs (animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi).

Q.6: How living organisms are classified into two kingdom classification? Also show the two  classification of two organism in tabular form.
Ans: Two Kingdom classification:
Previously, the organisms were classified into two groups (Kingdom). These two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linnaeus. He is considered as the father of Taxonomy.
These two kingdoms  were:

• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

Basis Of Two Kingdom Classification
Plant Kingdom

• All the organisms possess cell wall were placed in plant kingdom.
• Organs of locomotion  are absents. (They can not move from  one place to another by their own.)
• Chlorophyll is present.
• Plants are autotrophic in nature. (They can prepare their own food.)
• Conductile and contractile system is absent.
• Response to external stimuli is slow.
• e.g.: Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymno-Sperms, and angiosperms.

Animal Kingdom:

• All the organisms do not possess cell wall were placed in animal kingdom.
• Locomotory organs are present. (They can move from one place to another.)
• Chlorophyll is absent. 
• They are heterotrophic in nature. (They can not prepare their own food and depends on other plants and animals for their food.)
• Conductile and contractile system is present.
• Response to external stimuli is fast.
• e.g.: Invertebrates (including protozoa), Vertebrate

KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION IN TABULAR FORM

Q.7: How living organisms are classified into three kingdom classification? Draw chart showing three kingdom classification.
Ans: Three Kingdom classification
Ernst Hackle in 1866, gave the three kingdoms system of classification (1866) i.e.:

• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

Basis of Three Kingdom Classification:
Kingdom Protista:

• Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new Kingdom named as Protista.
• The organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants and animals, or unique to their own such as Euglena, Bacteria were also placed under this kingdom.
• Haeckel grouped those living organisms in Protista which did not have tissues.
• Kingdom Protista includes prokaryotes, protozoa, porifera, algae and fungi.
• In 1930s, electron microscopy revealed, two distinct patterns among single celled organisms. Kingdom Protista is further divided to:
• (a) Lower protists include prokaryotic unicellular Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
  (b) Higher protists include eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular organisms such as fungi algae.
• In 1937, Édouard Chatton clearified the concept of procariotique and Eucariotique to describe the cellular characteristics of organisms.

Q.8: Describe in details four kingdom classification? Also draw chart to illustrate four kingdom classification.
Ans: Four kingdom classification:
After the clear concept for kingdom Protista, Copeland (1959) came forward with a four kingdom system to classify the living beings, i.e.:

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Metaphyta (Plantae)
4. Kingdom Metazoa (Animalia)

Basis of Four Kingdom Classification:
Kingdom Monera:

• Copeland designed a new kingdom named as Monera in 1959.
• He placed all the lower protists in kingdom Monera.
• It includes prokaryotic unicellular organisms and remaining single celled eukaryotic organisms.
• Examples are Bacteria and Blue Green algae

Q.9: Describe in detail five kingdom classification. Also draw a linkage chart to show the establishment of Five Kingdom System that includes Two to Five Kingdom classification. 
Ans: Five Kingdom Classification:
Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into Five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate kingdom.

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Fungi
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia

Basis Of Five Kingdom Classification
This system of classification was based on:

• Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
• Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs (animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi).

Five Kingdoms Of Classification:
(i) Kingdom Monera:

• It includes all the prokaryotes i.e. they are made of prokaryotic cells.
• Monerans are unicellular, although some types form chains, clusters, or colonies of cells.
• Cell wall is present which is made up of (Polysaccharide + amino acid) or cellulose.
• Nuclear membrane is Absent.
• Cell organelles are absent.
• They are Motile or non motile. Most are heterotrophic (saprophyte/ parasite) but some are autotrophic (chemosynthetic photosynthetic) i.e they perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in their cytoplasm.
• Example: Bacteria and cyanobacteria.

(ii) Kingdom Protista:

• It is the place for all the eukaryotic unicellular organisms, except yeast which some of them have the features of both plant and animal like.
• Cell wall is Present in some Protists.
• Nuclear membrane is present. Cell has membrane-bound cell organelles. Most protists are aquatic.
• All protists are motile. they can move in water through cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
• Example: It includes protozoa (Amoeba and Paramecium) and unicellular algae.

(iii) Kingdom Fungi:

• It includes all the multicellular eukaryotic fungi.
• They are Achlorophyllous, absorptive heterotrophs.
• They have cell wall made up of mainly chitin.
• Nuclear membrane is present.
• They have loose tissue.
• They are non-motile.
• They have a body called Mycelium which is made up of a thread like structure called hyphae.
• Example: Mushroom, Mucor etc.

(iv) Kingdom plantae:

• It includes all the multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms.
• Plants are autotrophic in nutritional mode, making their own food by photosynthesis.
• They have true cell wall mainly made up of cellulose.
• Nuclear membrane is present.
• They have tissues or organs.
• Most plants don't move but they grow and move towards light.
• Example: It includes multicellular Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperms.

(v) Kingdom Animalia:

• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic.
• They are ingestive heterotrophs (depends on other organisms for their food).
• They lack cell wall and show movements.
• Nuclear membrane is present. They have well developed tissues, organs and organ systems. They have well developed locomotory organs and move from one place to another. It includes all vertebrates and invertebrates except protozoa.
• Example: Star fish, Kangaroo etc.

Linkage Chart To Show The Establishment Of Five Kingdom System

Q.10: What do you mean by Binomial Nomenclature? Write down the purpose and principle of binomial nomenclature? Or Write a short note on Binomial Nomenclature?
Ans: BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778 AD) Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them. This scientific system is called Binomial Nomenclature.

PURPOSE:
Through a system of nomenclature in which each species of animal, plant or others receives “binomial” name means the scientific name of a species consists of two names, of which:
The first identifies the genus to which it belongs and
the second the species itself or its specific names

PRINCIPLES FOR BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:

• Some of the rules which are universally adopted for writing scientific name of a species are:
• Italicized or Underlined:
  Scientific name of any organisms should be italicized when printed, such as Homo sapiens and when handwritten these are underlined.
• Caption According:
  The first word of the name is generic always started with capital letter, while second term is species which is never capitalized.
• Use Of Initial For Genus:
  When the scientific name is written first time, it is written full but when it is repeated several times, it is abbreviated. For example; The scientific name of the red rose is Rosa indica, it is abbreviated as R.indica.
• Use Of Author Name:
  Sometimes the author name appears after species name which means the species was described by Him. For example; (mango plant) Mangifera indica L. It means Mangifera indica was first described by Linnaeus.

Q.11: Write down biological or scientific name of following common plants and animals. Onion plant, Mango plant, Neem plant, Frog, Cat, potato, matar, china rose and Dog.
Ans: Biological or Scientific Name

S.NO.	COMMON NAME	BIOLOGICAL OR SCIENTIFIC NAME
PLANTS
1.	Onion plant	Allium cepa
2.	Mango plant	Mangifera indica L.
3.	Neem plant	Azadirachta indica
4.	Potato	Solanum tuberosum
5.	Pea (matar)	Pisum sativum
6.	china rose	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
ANIMALS
1.	Frog	Rana tigrina
2.	Cat	Felis catus
3.	Dog	Canis familiaris
4.	Housefly	Musca domestica

Q.12: Name three different species belongs to same Genus.
Ans: Genus: Panthera
1. Species: pardus
Scientific name: Panthera pardus
Common name: Leopard

2. Species: leo
Scientific name: Panthera leo
Common name: Lion

3. Species: onca
Scientific name: Panthera onca
Common name: Jaugar

4. Species: tigris
Scientific name: Panthera tigris
Common name: Tiger

5. Species: uncia
Scientific name: Panthera uncia
Common name: Snow leopard

Q.13: Define conservation of biodiversity? Give reasons to conserve biodiversity?
Ans: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
. “Conservation simply is the way of caring, saving the species, inhabit on earth from dangers”.

REASON TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY:
Biologists warned that global ecosystem would be collapsed if biodiversity continues to be reduced at the same rate. Therefore, it is mandatory to conserve life on earth in order to make nature stable.
Some of the key points are highlighted below:

• To conserve Biological Resources:
  Human should conserve biodiversity because of its benefit for example services and biological resources which are essential to live our life on earth.
• To Conserve Ecosystem:
  Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species can easily survive in their habitat, if the one will not conserve biodiversity, so food chain and ecosystem will be imbalanced.
• To Conserve Life (Fauna and Flora):
  With more plants, trees and animals, the soil improved and became stronger - less prone to erosion, drought and flooding.

Q.14: Describe the problems associated to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan?
Ans: Problems associated to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan:
The article from 2009 “Biodiversity in Pakistan Key issues”, identified some of the primary challenges to implement Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) are:

1. Lack of awareness of environmental issues on the part of decision makers and civil society.
2. Weak governance (slow decision-making processes, inability to conceptualize policy, and lack of distinction between public and private interests).
3. Weak capacity of government departments (lack of individual capacity and incentives for performance).
4. Lack of funding.

Q.15: Describe the problems associated to conserve biodiversity due to human intervention?
Ans: Problems associated to conserve biodiversity due to human intervention:
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reported that 75 percent of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost, 75 percent of the world's fisheries are over exploited, and one-third of coral reefs are threatened with extinction. Man is the factor, which is directly involved in the destruction of biodiversity.

Impact of human activities on Biodiversity

S.NO.	Human activities	Biodiversity is effected
1.	Urbanization or industrialization	Overpopulation leads to the need of buildings.
2.	Deforestation	Soil erosion, Plant life destroy, Low rainfall, Climate change.
3.	Pollution	Global Warming
4.	Over-hunting	Direct killing of wild animals, Causes of Animal Extinction, Habitat Destruction

Thus climate changes are not the only pressure on our environments. Habitat loss and degradation, pollution, over exploitation, and invasive species also play significant roles in biodiversity decline. These pressures are because of human invading activity.

Q.16: Define deforestation? Also describe the causes and effects of deforestation on biodiversity?
Ans: Deforestation:
Forests play a vital role on our planet but man is destroying this natural beauty by cutting them down for his sake and comfort.

“The cutting down of trees for the conversion of forest into non forest land is known as Deforestation”.

Causes of Deforestation:
Deforestation is done deliberately due to the:

• Mining
• paper making
• urbanization
• timber
• for making roads and Agriculture Expansion
• Livestock breeding.

Effects of Deforestation:
Deforestation result with the great loss in Biodiversity such as;

• Increase in the concentration of green house gases (carbon dioxide, Methane, water vapour, Nitrous oxide etc.) which leads to Global warming.
• Temperature will be high that causes glaciers melting which is the reason of raising sea level and causes flood.
• It is also the reason of habitat loss of wild life.
• Soil erosion, low rainfall due to no transpiration are also the result of Deforestation.

Q.16: Differentiate all the five kingdoms of classification
Ans:

Q.17: Name three organisms which are not included in the five kingdom classification system?
Ans: Virus, Prions and Viroids are acellular particles and are not included in the five kingdom classification system.

Q.18: Why forests are necessary on our planet?
Ans: Benefits Of Forest:

• Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet.
• They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife.
• Many of the world's most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and billions of people rely on its benefits.
• Forests offer food, fresh air, clothing, medicine and shelter.
• Forests play a critical role in reducing climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns.

Q.19: Write a short note on "Pakistan need to conserve biodiversity"? Graphically represent that biodiversity at risk?
Ans: Pakistan Biodiversity:

• Pakistan is one of few countries in the world to have every kind of geological structure. The geography of Pakistan is a blend of landscapes, such as plains, deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.
• There are coastal areas along the Arabian Sea and mountains of the Karakoram Range in the north part of Pakistan.
• This diversity contains diversified habitats and landscapes that support a rich biodiversity of both fauna and flora (animals and plants respectively).
• Arid and semi-arid regions covering almost 80% of the total land area of the country possess significant portion of country's biodiversity.

Reasons " Pakistan Need To Conserve Biodiversity":

• During the last two-three decades, a number of animal and plant species have become threatened or endangered mainly due to over exploitation and loss of natural habitat.
• Factors like deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and water logging are posing major threats to the remaining biodiversity of the country.
• The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation's other natural and agricultural ecosystems.
• To overcome all these problems biodiversity should be paid attention in order to conserve or save the organisms from being endangered.

Q.20: Draw a table to show the impact of human activities on Biodiversity.
Ans:

Q.21: Draw a pie chart to show the Causes of Animal Extinction?
Ans:

Q.22: Distinguish between prokaryotes (cell) and Eukaryotes (cell)
Ans: Difference Between Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cell) and Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cell)

S.NO.	Prokaryotic	Eukaryotic
1.	Most prokaryotes are unicellular.	Most eukaryotes are multicellular.
2.	The nucleus is poorly defined due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.	The nucleus is well defined and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
3.	Nucleolus is absent.	Nucleolus is present.
4.	Cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc. are absent.	Cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc. are present.
1	Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotic cells.	Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.