Biology For Class X - Chapter No. 3 - Coordination And Control - Review Text Book Exercise

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CHAPTER 3: COORDINATION AND CONTROL
Review Text Book Exercise

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer:
i) The activity in relation to changes in environment is:
(a) Stimulus
(b) Response ✓
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of these

ii) Stimulus is detected by:
(a) Receptor ✓
(b) Effector
(c) Nerve
(d) All of these

iii) The type of coordination through electrochemical signals is:
(a) Nervous ✓
(b) Chemical
(c) Mechanical
(d) All of these

iv) The chemicals released from one cell and carried to signal some distant cell through blood are:
(a) Neurotransmitters
(b) Enzymes
(c) Hormones ✓
(d) all of these

v) The type of coordination exhibited by Plants:
(a) Nervous coordination
(b) Chemical coordination ✓
(c) Mechanical coordination
(d) Both a & b

vi) The part of brain involved in reasoning is:
(a) Fore brain
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Cortex
(d) Frontal lobe✓

vii) The part of brain involved in balance and precision in movements is:
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum ✓
(c) Thalamus
(d) Medulla oblongata

viii) Vital functions for survival of animals are regulated by:
(a) CNS
(b) PNS
(c) somatic sub-division
(d) Autonomic sub-division ✓
(Note: The answer PNS is also correct because Autonomic nervous system is sub division of peripheral nervous system.)

ix) The shortest path of reflex action consists of:
(a) 1 neuron
(b) 2 neurons ✓
(c) 3 neurons
(d) many neurons

x) The type of lens in our eye is:
(a) Convex ✓
(b) concave
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of these

xi) The automatic process of altering focus to get sharper image of near object is:
(a) Vision
(b) Accommodation ✓
(c) Focus
(d) All of these

xii) The vitamin necessary for proper vision is:
(a) Vitamin A ✓
(b) Vitamin B
(c) Vitamin C
(d) Vitamin D

xiii) A colour blind person cannot see:
(a) Anything
(b) Red ✓
(c) White
(d) Black

xiv) The book “Kitab-ul-manazir” was written by:
(a) Jabir bin Hayan
(b) Ibn-al-Haitham ✓
(c) Ali Ibn-Isa
(d) Bu-Ali Sina

xv) Sensory hair-cells are present in:
(a) Retina
(b) Cochlea ✓
(c) Skin
(d) Nose

xvi) The gonads are the target organ for:
(a) FSH
(b) LH
(c) Both a & b ✓
(d) None of these

B. SHORT QUESTIONS:

By Mrs. Ayesha Arif
Vice Principal
(Jauhar Progressive School)

i) What do you mean by feedback system?
Ans: Feedback System:
The check and balance system in a body is called feedback system. Hormones secretion is regulated through feedback control so that they are secreted whenever required.

Types of Feedback System:
There are two type of feedback systems working in the body.

1. Negative Feedback Control:
   It refers to the opposite effect in relation to the stimulus.
   For example, if there is an increase in blood glucose level (effect), the pancreas would secrete insulin (response) which will bring down the blood glucose to its set point.
   
   
2. Positive Feedback Control:
   It refers to enhancement of the effect in relation to stimulus.
   For example, when an infant sucks the nipple of his mother's breast, she secretes hormone to secrete milk. Continuous sucking increases the hormonal secretion several folds.

Steps Involved In Feedback System:
The feedback system has the following steps: 

• Stimulus
• Receptor (Five senses)
• Modulator (CNS)
• Effector (Muscles, glands etc)
• Response

ii) Why the nervous coordination is faster than chemical coordination?
Ans: Nervous Coordination is faster than the chemical coordination because it is an advanced type of coordination in which neurons generate electrochemical signals. Since the signalling is in electric form so it is very rapid.

OR

Nervous is brought about through stimuli receptors of the nervous system which is the quickest way of communicating CNS effectors in the body of an animal by electro-chemical messages called nerve response impulses. The signal transmission of the nervous system is fast because neutrons are interconnected, but the functions are more short-lived. Signal transmission in the endocrine system is slow since hormones must travel through the bloodstream, but the responses tend to the last longer.

iii) Which of the two coordination types is better and why?
Ans: Both types of coordination are necessary for the survival of organism. Nervous coordination has its own needs and objectives while chemical coordination has its advantages, so both are essential to the body. Nervous coordination is better because it is faster and an advanced type of coordination in which neurons generate electrochemical signals.

iv) How reflex action works by a reflex-arc?
Ans: Path Of Reflex Action OR Reflex Arc:
Definition: The pathway of a reflex action is termed  as 'Reflex Arc'.

• In complicated reflexes, the reflex arc may involve one or numerous inter-neurons in between sensory and motor neuron. The shortest path of a reflex action, such as knee-jerk involves two neurons, a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.
• Working Of reflex arc:
  If  our hand touches hot object, it is quickly withdrawn as;
  * A receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature).
  * Sensory neurons send electrical impulses through relay neurons, located in the spinal cord.
  * Relay neuron is located in the spinal cord (CNS) and connect sensory neurons to motor neurons.
  * Motor neurons send electrical impulses to an effector.
  * The effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).

OR

v) Why driving license is not issued to a color blind person?
Ans: Colour blindness is a deficiency of vision in which one cannot distinguish certain colours such as blue and yellow or red and green. It is due to the defect in cones of retina. Driving license is not issued to a person suffering from colour blindness because of their inability to distinguish red and green traffic lights.

OR

If a person is colour-blind, he will not be able to distinguish certain colours such as below blue and yellow or red and green. Though the vision may be normal in colour blind person, but he has problem in driving because of his inability to distinguish red and green traffic signals and the colour on different signboards. This will lead to an accident. Hence, it is risky to issue a driving license to a person suffering from colour-blindness.

vi) Why thyroid gland swells up and give the name of the disease?
Ans: GOITER (Swell Up Thyroid Gland):
If the intake of iodine in diet is low in adult, thyroid gland works more than normal to produce more thyroxine (hyperthyroidism). As a result, the thyroid become swollen and gradually enlarges in size. This abnormal condition is termed as “goiter”.

OR

Thyroid gland is located in the neck region in front of trachea. It consists of two lobes, one on either side of trachea. It is butterfly in shape. Secretions:
It secretes three main hormones.

1. Thyroxine or T4 (Tetra lodo Thyroxine)
2. T3 (Tri lodo Thyroxine)
3. Calcitonin

Disease Goiter:
When there is a deficiency of iodine in diet it results in decreased level of thyroxin hormones (T3 and T4). Thyroid gland works more than normal to produce more thyroxin. As a result of which they become swollen and enlarged. This disease is called Goiter.

vii) What is the role of Islet's of Langerhans cells?
Ans: Pancreas:
Pancreas is a gland which acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland. It is located in abdominal cavity below the liver.
Islets of Langerhans:
The cells of pancreas are called Islets of Langerhans. They perform the function of endocrine gland. They are involved in regulating glucose metabolism.
The islets of Langerhans are of two distinct types.

1. Alpha Cells (α-cells):
   Alpha cells secrete hormone called Glucagon. When the level of blood glucose is low, Alpha cells secretes glucagon which increases the glucose level up to normal.
2. Beta Cells (β-cells):
   Beta cells secrete hormone called Insulin. When the level of glucose is high, Beta cells secretes Insulin which helps in decreasing the blood glucose levels.

viii) What is "emergency hormone" and why it is named so?
Ans: EMERGENCY HORMONE (ADRENALINE):
The inner part of adrenal gland is called Adrenal Medulla. Adrenal medulla works under the influence of sympathetic nervous system. It responds to emergency conditions to produce so called "fight or flight response". Adrenal Medulla produces many hormones which are secreted in stress situation. They are collectively called as Adrenaline or Emergency Hormones, which resulting in an increase in blood glucose level by breaking down of glycogen. As a result, the body responds to the emergency situation quickly. It dilates the blood vessels of muscles, heart and brain and constricts those of kidneys and skin so that more blood is supplied to the muscles, heart and brain.

OR

The inner layer of adrenal gland is called Adrenal Medulla. Adrenal medulla works under the influence of sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal Medulla produces many hormones which are collectively called Emergency Hormones. They are called emergency hormones because they are secreted in stress situation.
The important emergency hormones are:

1. Adrenaline OR Epinephrin:
   It increase heart rate, amount of glucose in blood, rapid respiration and metabolism during emotions and emergency.
   It also takes part in the contraction of blood vessels in intestine and dilation of blood vessels in muscles.
2. Non-Adrenaline Or Nor-Epinephrine:
   It also functions like epinephrine, but its main function is control of blood pressure during fight and flight.
   The over secretion of both these hormones causes high blood pressure.

ix) What are the possible reasons of paralysis?
Ans: Paralysis:
The partial or complete loss of controlled movement caused by the inability to contract one or more muscles accompanied by loss of sensation is called Paralysis.
Causes:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) or blood clot in the specific part of brain.
2. Injury to brain, spinal cord or nerves.

x) What is Epilepsy?
Ans: Epilepsy:
It is a brain disorder in which there is temporary alteration in one or more function or recurrent seizures.
Causes:

1. Abnormal electrical activity in brain.
2. Stimulus like sudden flash light on eyes.

Symptoms:

1. Unconsciousness
2. Stiffness of the body
3. Uncontrollable twitches or jerks

xi) Differentiate between Nervous and chemical coordination .
Ans: Difference Between Nervous and Chemical Coordination

S.NO.	NERVOUS COORDINATION	CHEMICAL COORDINATION
1.	Activity of Neurons.	Activity of special secretory cells.
2.	Signal type is electro-chemical.	Signal type is purely chemical.
3.	Rapid in action.	Slower in action.
4.	Response is shorter duration.	Response is longer duration.
5.	Advance type of coordination.	Primitive type of coordination.
6.	Exclusively related to animals.	Related to all organisms.
7.	Involves neurotransmitters.	Involves other signalling molecules such as hormones.

MORE SHORT QUESTIONS

xii) Give at least one reason why leaves of “touch me not” fold or closed when touched?
Ans: Leaves of the “touch me not” are closed when touched. After a short while, they restore their original open position. The pressure or touch serves as stimulus while closing down of leaves is the response.

xiii) Give at least one reason why the sunflower turns towards the direction of sun?
Ans: A fascinating movement is the turning towards the direction of sun in “sun flower” plants. It's a bit slower movement which is believed to be caused by phytohormones called Auxins. It causes rapid cell growth in shaded regions of the plant.

xiv): Why do we see lightning before hearing thunder?
Ans: Light and Sound in a thunderstorm:
In a thunderstorm, the lighting and its acoustic effect on ground appear with interval. Since the light travels much faster than sound, the lighting appears first and the sound of thunder is heard after a short while.

xv) Define reflex action?
Ans: Reflex Action:
The automatic involuntary and rapid response which occur either due to internal or external stimuli are called Reflex Action.
In other words, "The automatic, pre-programmed responses regulated by CNS are termed as reflex actions. Some of them are directly regulated by brain while others by spinal cord."
It minimise any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as: Touching something hot. Reflex actions are therefore essential to the survival of many organisms.
Parts of Reflex Action:
Reflex action follow this general sequence and does not involve the conscious part of the brain. This is why response is so fast.
Receptor ⟶ Sensory Neuron ⟶ Relay Neuron ⟶ Motor Neuron ⟶ Effector
Examples of Reflex Actions:

• If our hand touches any hot object, it is quickly withdrawn.
• Secretion of hormones from the gland.
• Blinking of eyes.
• Contraction and expansion of lungs.
• Knee jerk
• Sneezing, hiccup, cough etc

xvi) Write down 3 main functions of brain?
Ans: Function Of Brain:

1. Brain is the main component of Central Nervous System and the major command and control center of our body.
2. Cerebrum of the brain is considered to be the seat of intelligence, all conscious activities and memory. 
3. It is also the control center for automatic activities and play vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the body. It regulates all life maintaining functions like breathing, heart-beat, blood pressure, coughing, swallowing. hiccuping, digesting food, body temperature, hunger and thirst etc.

C. EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:

i) Discuss the detailed structure of human brain?
Ans: HUMAN BRAIN
Brain is the main component of Central Nervous System. It is the major command and control center of our body.
Brain is protected in three ways:

1. Cranium: Bones of the skull provide protection to the brain.
2. Meninges: Beneath the cranium, the brain and spinal cord are wrapped in three protective membranes made up of tough connective tissues called meninges.
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (C5F): Inside the brain, between the layers of meninges, there are empty cavities or ventricles filled with plasma like fluid called Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). It also provides a cushion-like protection to the brain.

PARTS OF BRAIN:
Human brain consists of Following important parts

• Fore Brain
  (i) Cerebrum
  (ii) Thalamus
  (iii) Hypothalamus
  (iv) Hippocampus
  (v) Amygdala
  
• Mid brain
  (vi) Optic lobes
• Hind brain
  (vii) Cerebellum
  (viii) Medulla oblongata

 i. CEREBRUM:
It is the largest part of the brain where all important decisions are made. It is divided into two halves called hemispheres.

• Right cerebral hemisphere:
  The right cerebral hemisphere regulates the left side of the body.
• Left cerebral hemisphere:
  The left cerebral hemisphere regulates the right side of the body.

Each cerebral hemisphere consists of 

i. An outer grey matter or cerebral cortex and
ii. An inner white matter 

• Cerebral Cortex OR Grey matter:
  Cerebral cortex or grey matter is the outer part of cerebrum and is grayish in colour and consists of cell bodies of neurons.
• White Matter:
  The inner part is called the white matter. White matter is whitish and consists of cell processes which are hair like growths.

Function of cortex:
The cortex is associated with thoughts, plans, actions and determination.

Part of Cortex:
Functionally, It can be divided into four sections or lobes, viz.:

1. Frontal lobe:
   It is associated with thoughts, emotions, etc.
   * Motor control (premotor cortex)
   * Problem solving (prefrontal area)
   * Speech production (Broca's area)
   
   
2. Parietal lobe:
   It is associated with different sensations like pressure, temperature, language processing, etc.
   * Touch perception (somatosensory cortex)
   * Body orientation and sensory discrimination.
   
   
3. Temporal lobe:
   It is involved in hearing and speech.
   * Auditory processing (hearing)
   * Language comprehension (Wernicke's area)
   * Memory / information retrieval.
   
   
4. Occipital lobe:
   It is associated with vision.
   * Sight (Visual cortex)
   * Visual reception and visual interpretation.

Function of Cerebrum:

1. Cerebrum is considered to be the seat of intelligence, all conscious activities and memory.
2. It co-ordinates different senses together.

ii. THALAMUS:
Thalamus lies inside the brain just above hypothalamus.
Functions:

1. It is also called the clearing house of sensory impulses.
2. It guides the stimuli towards appropriate part of the cortex.

iii. HYPOTHALAMUS:
Hypothalamus is the part of limbic system which is called Thermostat of the body.
Functions:

1. Hypothalamus regulates life maintaining functions like blood pressure, body temperature, hunger, thirst etc.
2. It plays vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the body.
   
   

iv. HIPPOCAMPUS:
Hippocampus is involved in long term memory.

v. AMYGDALA:
It is a deep seated small area.
Function:

1. It is involved in emotions (pain, pleasure, etc.)

vi. MID BRAIN:
In human mid brain is relatively smaller. It consists of the optic lobes which are represented by four small bodies.
Functions:

1. It involves in integration of visual and olfactory (smell) stmuli.
2. It is also collaborator of spinal cord with fore brain.

vii. CEREBELLUM:
It is highly convoluted structure located on the dorsal side just below the cerebrum.
Functions:

1. Balance and coordination
2. It controls the precision in movement of the muscles for balance and maintains the position of the body in relation to gravity.
3. Activities like writing, drawing, painting, dancing, crafting have become possible due to its elaborate structure in human.

viii. MEDULLA OBLONGATA:
Medulla oblongata lies just above the spinal cord.
Functions:

1. It is the control center for automatic activities like breathing, heart-beat, blood pressure, coughing, swallowing, hiccuping, digesting food, etc. Such activities are termed as Reflexes.

ix. PONS:
It lies on the ventral side of medulla oblongata.
Functions:

1. It helps in controlling the facial muscles as well as helps in sleep and wakening.

BRAINSTEM
Midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons are collectively known as brainstem. It connects cerebrum to spinal cord.
Function:
• Involuntary responses

ii) Write a note on human eye or ear.
Ans: Human Eye:
The eye is an important and most complex sense organ. It is photoreceptor and the organ of sight. It works on the principle of a simple camera, which collect light reflected from any object in front and help us see that object.

Structure of Human Eye:
A human eye is roughly 2.3 cm in diameter and is almost a spherical ball filled with some fluid. Each eye lies in a bony socket for protection. It consists of the following parts:

Sclera:

• The tough outer coat or layer which covers each eye called the sclera (white part of the eye).
• Working: It protects eyes.

Cornea:

• In front, the sclera becomes transparent is called cornea.
• Working: Light enters the eye through the cornea.

Aqueous humor:

• Behind cornea, lies a small chamber called aqueous humor. It is filled with watery fluid.

Iris:

• At the back of aqueous humor, lies coloured ring-like structure known as the iris.
• The colour of the iris actually indicates the colour of the eye.
• Working: The iris also helps regulate or adjust exposure by adjusting the iris.

Pupil:

• A small central hole in the iris is known as a pupil. The pupil appears blackish.
• Its size is controlled by the help of iris.
• Working: It controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

Lens:

• Immediately behind the iris is a transparent crystalline convex structure called a lens.
  
• Working: It diverts light to a layer of sensory cells or retina.

Ciliary body:

• Lens is suspended by a ring of circular muscles known as ciliary body.
• Working: The contraction of ciliary muscles cause changes in the shape of lens to adjust focus light on the retina.
  

Vitreous humor:

• Behind the lens, there is a main cavity of eye ball filled with clear gel, called vitreous humor.

Retina:

• The innermost layer of eye is retina. It has sensory cells, rods and cones.
• Working: The image is formed on retina by cornea and lens. Sensory cells, rods and cones upon stimulation convert light signals into nerve impulses and report them to the brain.

Human Ear:

OR

EAR:
Ear is a sensory organ of hearing and balance. 
Parts of Human Ear:
It consists of three parts:

1. Outer ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear
   
   

OUTER EAR:
It consists of:

1. Pinna: The pinna is composed of folds of skin and cartilage. It leads into the ear canal which is closed at the inner end by tympanic membrane.
2. Ear canal: Ear canal has hair and it produces wax to trap dust and small foreign bodies.
3. Tympanic membrane or ear drum: The tympanic membrane which is also called the eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate. The vibrations are then transferred to the tiny bones in the middle ear.

Function Of Outer Ear: The outer ear collects and transmits sound waves. 

MIDDLE EAR:
The middle ear consists of :

1. a small cavity containing three small moveable bones, i) malleus, ii) incus and iii) stapes.
2. It is connected to inner nasal cavity through a small tube, called the Eustachian tube.
   

Function Of Middle Ear: The middle ear receives sound waves from air outside and transmits it into the fluid in the inner ear.

INNER EAR:
The inner ear consists of:

1. A front membranous cochlea: It is associated with hearing.
2. A rare, three semicircular canals: They are deep inside the skull bones and are associated with balance.

Function Of Inner Ear: Both cochlea and semicircular canals are fluid filled and contain sensory hair cells. These cells transform sound waves into nerve impulse.

iii) Why does the intelligence level of persons differ from each other, even though the components of the brain are the same?
Ans: The intelligence level of persons differs from each other, even though the components of the brain are the same.
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.

In Human brain, cerebrum is considered to be the seat of intelligence, all the conscious activities and memory. Its outer part, cortex or gray matter consists of cell bodies of neurons. The cortex is associated with thoughts, plans, actions and determination.

Differences in intelligence have so far mostly been attributed to differences in specific brain regions. A new study says that in intelligent persons, certain brain regions are more strongly involved in the flow of information between brain regions, while other brain regions are less engaged.

Individuals also vary in their cognitive abilities for example; academic success and professional careers are attributed to a considerable degree to individual differences in intelligence. These differences from person to person is occur with differences in the patterns of integration among functional modules of the brain regions, among them the prefrontal cortex activation changes of which are reliably associated with individual differences in intelligence.

Recently, it is reported that in more intelligent persons two brain regions involved in the cognitive processing of task-relevant information (i.e., the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex) are connected more efficiently to the rest of the brain. Another brain region, the junction area between the temporal and parietal cortex that has been related to the shielding of thoughts against irrelevant information, is less strongly connected to the rest of the brain network.

Our brain is functionally organized into modules in a very similar way: There are sub-networks of brain regions - modules - that are more strongly interconnected among them while they have weaker connections to brain regions from other modules. "This is similar to a social network and sub-network of families or circles of friends. Within these sub-networks or modules, the members of one family are more strongly interconnected than they are with people from other families or circles of friends.

The study reveals that in more intelligent persons certain brain regions are more strongly involved in the exchange of information between different sub-networks of the brain for important information to be communicated quickly and efficiently. On the other hand, brain regions that are more strongly 'decoupled from the rest of the network in more intelligent people. This may result in better protection against distracting and irrelevant inputs. It is possible that due to their biological predispositions, some individuals develop brain networks that favour intelligent behaviours or more challenging cognitive tasks. However, the frequent use of the brain for cognitively challenging tasks may positively influence the development of brain networks.

iv) What is endocrine system? Discuss the gland involved in regulation of blood glucose and how?
Ans: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Endocrine system is an important means of chemical coordination. It is defined as: The ductless gland in the body of vertebrates, which secrete hormones directly into the blood or in body fluids are called endocrine glands or ductless glands. Endocrine gland carries hormones to their target tissues or organs. They constitute a system called Endocrine System.
Hormones:
The secretion of gland is called hormone. The hormones usually required in small quantity. They act like chemical signals or chemical messengers for target organs either stimulating or inhibiting their function.

PANCREAS: Pancreas is the gland which involved in regulation of blood glucose.

• Pancreas is about 6 inches long, leaf-like in structure located in the abdominal cavity in between stomach and small intestine.
• It is both exocrine as well as endocrine gland in nature.

Regulation Of Blood Glucose:
The endocrine part consists of patches  of cells called "Islets of Langerhan's". It is involves in regulating glucose metabolism.
Hormones Secreted By Pancreas:

• Insulin: In response to high level of glucose in blood, pancreas secretes insulin which helps in decreasing the blood glucose levels.
  Disorders of Insulin: Due to deficiency of insulin, a diseased appeared called Diabetes mellitus.
  
  
• Glucagon: If there is low level of blood glucose, than pancreas secretes glucagon which increases the glucose level up to normal

The regulation of blood glucose through insulin and glucagon is a type of negative feed-back in which opposite effect is observed in relation to stimulus.

v) What is diabetes mellitus? Explain some ways of its management.
Ans: DIABETES MELLITUS
It's a disorder in which pancreas produces insufficient or no insulin. As a result, the level of glucose in blood becomes very high.

Symptoms:

• High level of glucose (sugar) in blood.
• The excess amount of glucose is excreted in urine so the frequency of passing urine increases many times.
• The patient feels very thirsty and hungry.
• In the absence of using or storing glucose by the cells, the patient losses weight and get tired.
• Disturbance of the body's osmotic equilibrium.

WAYS TO MANAGE DIABETES MELLITUS

• Balanced Diet
• Exercise
• Medication
• Blood Glucose Monitoring

Dietary Management of Diabetes:

• Dietary Management and appropriate amount of physical activity play important roles in diabetic control.
• Balanced diet with a variety of foods.
• “3 Low, 1 High” principle, i.e low fat, low sodium (or salt), low sugars and high fibre.
• Reduce intake of saturated fat, trans fat and sodium can lower the risk of developing heart diseases and hypertension.
• Controlling intake of energy for the purpose of weight reduction or maintenance.

Insulin Treatment:
In case of low blood insulin, it can be administered through injecting insulin derived from animals.
Some patients may show allergic reactions to this animal-insulin. It has been overcome by using pure human insulin made by genetically altered bacteria.

Source: Special Thanks To Sir Syed Arif Ali