Biology For Class X - Chapter No. 5 - Reproduction - Review Text Book Exercise

GO TO INDEX
CHAPTER 5: REPRODUCTION
Review Text Book Exercise

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer:
i) The process which is essential for continuing and survival of species is:
(a) Digestion
(b) Respiration
(c) Reproduction ✓
(e) Excretion

ii) The type of reproduction which is necessary for evolution is:
(a) Vegetative propagation
(b) Fragmentation
(c) Sexual reproduction ✓
(d) cloning

iii) The unicellular structure, responsible for asexual reproduction without fusion is:
(a) Pores
(b) Spores ✓
(c) Gametes
(d) Pollen grains

iv) The example of stem which run horizontally on surface of soil to produce vegetatively:
(a) Mint
(b) Ginger ✓
(c) Onion
(d) Bryophyllum

v) Plant stem that arise from buds on the base of parent plants are:
(a) Bulb
(b) Rhizome
(c) Sucker ✓
(d) Runner

vi) The type of seed production without fusion of male and female gametes is:
(a) Parthenocarpy
(b) Apomixes ✓
(c) Grafting
(d) Scion

vii) The female gametophyte of angiospermic plant is
(a) Embryo sac ✓
(b) Ovule
(c) Ovary
(d) Carpel

viii) The 3N zygote is angiosperm develop into:
(a) Seed coat
(b) Cotyledon
(c) Embryo
(d) Endosperm ✓

ix) The male gonads in rabbit are:
(a) Testis ✓
(b) Ovaries
(c) Scrotal sac
(d) Vas deferens

x) The female gametes are fertilized in the rear end of:
(a) Oviduct
(b) Fallopian tube
(c) Ovaries
(d) Both a and b ✓

By Mrs. Ayesha Arif (Vice Principal)
(Jauhar Progressive School)

B. Short Questions Answers

i) Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction, Epigeal and Hypogeal Germination.
Ans: Difference Between Asexual and Sexual reproduction

OR

S.NO.	Sexual Reproduction	Asexual Reproduction
1.	It is a kind of reproduction where there is the involvement of one or two organisms or individuals(parents of opposite sex).	It refers to the kind of reproduction that involves only one organism (parent).
2.	Gamete formation occurs.	Gamete formation does not occur.
3.	Takes place by the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells).	Takes place without the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells).
4.	It occurs higher invertebrates and all vertebrates	It occurs in lower organisms
5.	Takes many months to complete	Completes in a very short period of time
6.	The offspring inherits characteristics of both parents but are not exactly similar to any one of the Parent.	The offspring inherits characteristics of one parent and are similar to parents.
7.	Meiosis and mitosis type of cell division occurs	Only the mitosis type of cell division occurs
8.	Genetic recombination occurs which causes variation and leads to evolution	No new combination of genes occurs
9.	Organisms are genetically similar to each other as well as to their parent.	Organisms are genetically dissimilar to each other as well as to their parent.

Difference Between Epigeal Germination and Hypogeal Germination

OR

S.NO.	Epigeal Germination	Hypogeal Germination
1.	Epi = above, geo = earth The cotyledons are brought on the surface of the soil along with the shoot. OR The type of germination where seeds come above the soil during germination.	Hypo = below, geo = earth Cotyledons remain below the soil surface. OR The type of germination where seeds remain in the soil during germination
2.	The hypocotyl has a curved terminal part to protect the plumule as it comes out of the soil.	The epicotyl has a curved terminal part to protect the plumule from friction in soil particles.
3.	The hypocotyl grows excessively to bring the cotyledons out of the soil.	The hypocotyl does not show much elongation
4.	The plumule comes out of the seed by the elongation of the hypocotyl	The plumule comes out of the seed by the elongation of the epicotyl
5.	The energy for the growth comes from the cotyledons	The energy primarily comes from the endosperm
6.	Epicotyl is short	Epicotyl is long
7.	The cotyledons turn green and perform photosynthesis	The cotyledons have no role in photosynthesis
8.	It is generally shown by the dicot seeds	It is generally shown by the monocot seeds
9.	The growth rate of hypocotyl is higher than epicotyl.	The growth rate of epicotyl is higher than hypocotyl.
10.	The hypocotyl grow in the form of arch.	The hypocotyl does not grow in the form of arch.
11.	It occurs in beans, onion, papaya, castor, etc	It occurs in coconut, gram, maize, etc.

ii) Draw neat and labeled diagram of T.S of Angiospermic flower.
Ans: T.S of Angiospermic flower

OR

iii) How a new plant develops with an already growing plant?
Ans: A new plant develops with an already growing plant through vegetative propagation or artificial propagation.
Vegetative Propagation:
New plants can be produced from vegetative structures such as the roots, stems, suckers and leaves. If any of vegetative part of plant develops into a new plant or outgrowth of a plant. This type of reproduction is called Vegetative Propagation. The process can be natural or artificial.

Artificial Propagation:
It is the method of development of new plant with the help of human efforts. Artificial propagation can occur from cells, tissues, cutting of stem etc. The method are Tissue culture, Cutting, Grafting, Layering, Budding. Root and leave tissue may also use for artificial propagation.

iv) How leaves develop into new plants?
Ans: Leaves develop into new plant through the buds located on their margin.  These buds develop into adventitious root when fall on ground or come in contact with soil. After some time these parts of leaves develop into an independent plant. e.g. Bryophyllum.

v) Draw neat and labelled diagram of Ovule.
Ans: Structure of ovule

vi) Draw neat and labelled diagram of male gametophyte of angiospermic plant?
Ans: The Pollen Grain Is the Male Gametophyte Of Angiospermic Plant:

vii) List out the male reproductive organs of rabbit with glands.
Ans: Male Reproductive Organs Of Rabbit With Glands

	Male
Gonads  (Gametes producing organs)	Testes two in numbers, Hanging outside, in a sac called scrotal sac. Contain seminiferous tubules Epididymis to collect sperm
Duct  (Gametes collecting tubes)	Vas deferens, two in number.
Genitals  (Gametes depositing or receiving organs)	Penis, a muscular organ to transfer semen into female genital Glands
Glands	Prostate gland Cowper's gland Seminal vesicle

viii) What are STD's?
Ans: STD (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES):
STD Stands for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Definition
The diseases which are transferred from infected person to healthy person by sex are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD).
It can also define as:
The diseases or infections which are passed from one person to another person through genital organs and genital fluids during sexual contacts called sexually transmitted diseases.
Sometimes STD can spread through intimate physical contact as well like herpes, spread by skin to skin contact.
Following are important sexually transmitted Diseases

1. Gonorrhoea
2. Syphilis
3. Genital Herpes
4. AIDS

ix) Why population control is considered important for prosperous society?
Ans: Population :
Population means the total number of beings living in a particular area.

Population Planning:
Population planning is the policy to limit the growth in number of population especially in those countries which has limited resources or in densely populated part of earth.

Need Or Importance of Population control:

• The resources demand is under control.
• Quality of life is maintained.
• Facilities like health, job ,education, electricity ,garbage removal etc is maintained.
• Well maintained environment.
• An increase in population can cause strain on the resources due to high demands. This strain can lead to environmental disturbance.

x) Draw life cycle of Angiospermic plant.

xi) Differentiate between vegetative and artificial propagation
Ans: Difference Between Vegetative And Artificial Propagation

S.NO.	Vegetative Propagation	Artificial Propagation
1.	It is natural development of new plant without human efforts.	It is the method of development of new plant with the help of human efforts.
2.	Natural vegetative propagation usually occurs by root, stem, or leaves.	Artificial propagation can occur from cells, tissues, cutting of stem etc.
3.	Stem: runners grow horizontally above the ground.	The method are Tissue culture, Cutting, Grafting, Layering, Budding
4.	Roots: new plant emerges out of swollen modified root known as tuber.	Root may be used for artificial propagation
5.	Leaves: of a few plants are detached from parent plant and develop into new plant e.g. Bryophyllum.	Any leave tissue may also use for artificial propagation.

xii) List out the female reproductive organs of rabbit with glands.
Ans: Male Reproductive Organs Of Rabbit With Glands

	Female
Gonads  (Gametes producing organs)	Ovaries two in numbers Located in abdominal cavity Produce ovum
Duct  (Gametes collecting tubes)	Oviduct or fallopian tube collect ovum from ovary.  Two in number
Genitals  (Gametes depositing or receiving organs)	Vagina, a tube which receive semen containing many sperms
Glands	Ovary works as gland as well

xiii) What is AIDS? Write down the role of national AIDS Control Program and different NGOs in educating about AIDS.
Ans: AIDS:

• AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
• AIDS is a sexually transmitted diseases.
• It is caused by virus known as HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus).
• The HIV is transmitted through contaminated surgical instruments, transfusion of infected blood, sexual contacts, placenta and mother's milk.

Role Of National AIDS Control Program and Different NGOs In Educating About AIDs:

• The first role was the study of AIDS patients, frequency in different social group of population.
• The next goal was the study of reasons of AIDS in different populations.
• Another aim was to educate people about prevention.
• The next role is the proper diagnosis of HIV in different private and government sector hospitals.

xiv) Define Parenthenocarpy?
Ans: PARTHENOCARPY:
Parthenocarpy refers to formation of seedless fruit without fertilization.

OR

Fruit and seed formation usually occur after fertilization but some fruit may formed without fertilization. This mechanism is called parthenocarpy i.e formation of seedless fruit.
Example is banana.

C. EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS
i) Describe natural asexual reproduction in plants.
Ans: NATURAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS:
The bacteria, protists and plants reproduce asexually by a number of methods, where as Bacteria only reproduce by asexual reproduction. Some of the asexual methods of reproduction in plants are:

1. By Fission (Spitting)
2. Budding
3. By spores
4. Vegetative propagation
5. Apomixis

1. By Fission (Splitting):

• The splitting of cell into two or more cells is called Fission. 
• It is the simplest and fastest mode of asexual reproduction. During which there is replication of genetic material (Prokaryotes) or division of the nucleus (Eukaryotes) followed by division of cell (parent body) into independent daughter cells.
• Each daughter cell receives equal amount of nucleic or genetic material.

Types Of Fission:
Fission is of two types:

• a) Binary fission:
  When a mother cell divides into two daughter cells under favorable conditions of temperature, nutrition and moisture it is called binary fission.
  Example:
  It takes place in bacteria, single bacterium divides into two bacteria within 20 minutes and numerous bacteria are produced within very short interval of time.
• b. Multiple fission:
  When a mother cell divides into more than two daughter cells it is referred as multiple fission.

(ii) Budding:

• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where the parent cells forms a small outgrowth which is called bud. This bud is detached from parent cell or body and grows into new organism.
• Example:
  It takes place in yeast and plants.

(iii) By Spores:

• An asexual reproductive structure called sporangium is developed on the body of an organism. These sporangia produce numerous unicellular spores.
• Spores are very small and light usually they are dispersed easily by wind. Their thick, resistant walls enable them to survive in unfavorable conditions.
• When these spores drop on proper substratum, they develop into new organism in favorable conditions.
• Example:
  This type of reproduction occurs in bacteria, protozoans, algae, fungi, mosses and fern as well as in plants.

iv) Vegetative Propagation:

• Vegetative means non-reproductive parts of plant like, thallus, root, stem, sucker and leaf. If any of vegetative part of plant develops into a new plant or outgrowth of a plant. This type of reproduction is called Vegetative Propagation. The process can be natural or artificial.
• These parts sooner or later separated from parent plant. These specialized vegetative organs are morphologically different in different cases but usually in all cases they bear one or more bud which develops into new plants.
• Vegetative reproduction in most cases takes place due to the accumulation of large amount of reserve food and consequent growth of the vegetative parts.
• Examples:
  Stem:
  * Runner (Grass and strawberry),  Stolon (Mint), Rhizomes (Ginger)
  * Bulb (Onion and Garlic),  Stem tuber (Potato)
  Suckers:
  * Apple, elm and banana trees.
  Leaves:
  * Bulbil (Bryophyllus)
  Roots:
  * Root tubers (Sweet potato), Phylloclades (Opuntia)
  

v) Apomixes (Parthenogenesis)
"Apomixes is the type of seed production in which embryo develops without fusion of male and female gametes (i.e in the absence of fertilization.). It is the type of Parthenogenesis which is a natural form of asexual reproduction."
 The egg developed into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid depending on the process and the species.
It is considered as asexual reproduction, because this process does not require fusion of male and female gametes to produce offspring and new genetic combination does not occur.
Example:

• Most commonly found in plants and invertebrates.
• In Dandelions and other plants seed formation take place without fertilization.

ii) Define pollination and its types in detail.
Ans: POLLINATION:
Definition
Pollination is the process in which pollen grains are transferred from anther to the stigma of carpel.

Types of Pollination
There are two types of pollination

1. Self pollination
2. Cross pollination

1. Self Pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from anther of stamen to the stigma of same flower or flowers on same plant is called self pollination.

2. Cross Pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower belongs to another plant of same species is called cross pollination.

Agents of cross pollination:
Cross pollination is more common than self pollination, the pollen grains are carried from one flower to another through following agents.

• Wind
• Water
• Insects
• Animals

Adaptive characters of wind and water pollinated plants:

1. The flowers of these plants are non- attractive, small in size and do not bear any odour.
2. They produce pollen grains in high quantity.
3. The pollen grains are very light in weight, some of them bear wings and some have parachute like structure.
4. They do not produce high quantity of nectar.

Adaptive character in insect pollinated plants.

1. The flowers are large in size.
2. They have bright coloured petals or sepals or bracts.
3. The pollen grains have sticky substance or hooks.
4. They produce special odour.
5. They produce high quantity of nectar.

iii) Describe different types of asexual reproduction in animals?
Ans: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS:
Animals reproduce asexually by different methods, some of them are as follows:

1. Fission (Spitting)
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation

1. Fission (Spitting):
The simplest type of asexual reproduction in which parent body divides into two or more parts and each of which develop into a new individuals is called Fission.

OR

Splitting of cell into two or many cells or organisms called fission.

Types of Fission
There are two types of fission

1. Binary Fission:
   The type of fission where an organism divides into two organisms is called binary fission.
   During this process the nucleus of the parent organism divides into two nuclei, both of them move in opposite directions in the cytoplasm. Meanwhile, a constriction appears in cytoplasm which deepens from outside to inside finally organism divides into two organisms.
   Example: It is commonly observed in unicellular organisms like protozoa.
   
   
2. Multiple Fission:
   The type of fission in which parent body divides into more than two daughter organisms is called multiple fission.
   
   OR
   Multiple fission involves the division of an organism into many small sized daughter organisms.
   Example: It occurs in unicellular organisms like amoeba, paramecium and plasmodium during unfavourable conditions.

2. Budding:
In this method one or two small outgrowth develops on the body surface of parent body (organism) which are called buds.  After some growth,  when buds separates from the parent body starts living independently and develops into new organism.

Example: Budding is common in sponges, hydra and corals.

3. Fragmentation:
The type of asexual reproduction in which living organism (parent body) divides into fragments (many pieces) and each fragment recovers its lost part by regeneration and develops into new complete organism is called fragmentation.
Example: It is found in lower, multicellular animals like liver fluke and nematodes. It is also common in sponges.

iv) Describe the process of Spermatogenesis.
Ans: SPERMATOGENESIS:
A male gametogenesis process in which formation of sperm in male gonads (Testis) from germ cells takes place is called spermatogenesis.

PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS:
This process generally occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testis following different stages.It undergoes following steps:
DIPLOID STAGE:

1. Spermatogonia (2n) :
   Spermatogonia is situated in the seminiferous tubules of the testis which have (2N) number of chromosomes. They undergoes repeated rounds of mitosis to produce more spermatogonia (singular: Spermatogonium).
   
   
2. Primary Spermatocyte (2n):
   A Spermatogonium (2n) may enter prophase I (first stage of meiosis I) becoming a primary spermatocyte (2n). In this stage the chromatis allow the exchange of genetic information through the synapsis process.
   
   

HAPLOID STAGE:

1. Secondary Spermatocyte (n):
   Each primary spermatocyte (2n) completes meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocyte (n), which having  haploid number of chromosomes that are approximately half in number to the original spermatogonium.
   
   
2. Haploid Spermatids (n):
   Each secondary spermatocyte (n) then undergoes meiosis II to produce two haploid spermatids (n). In this way four spermatids are produced.
   
   
3. Sperm (n):
   In this stage, the cells move from lumen of the testis to the epididymis. Each spermatids (n) mature into sperms (n) cells (male gametes) with the sperm tails.
   
   

v) What is germination? Give the condition of germination also describe the methods of different germination.
Ans: GERMINATION:
Breaking of seed dormancy is called seed germination. As a result of germination seed develops into seedling.

OR

The process in which dormant or sleeping embryo wakes up renews its life and develops into a seedling is called as Germination.

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR SEED GERMINATION:
Only living seeds can germinate, require optimum condition of moisture, oxygen and temperature.

(i) Role of water (Moisture):
Water is essential for life because metabolic activities depend on water. Seed coat become soft by water. Cotyledons and endosperm absorb water by imbibition become swollen and exert pressure on seed coat to break so the embryo comes out to grow, enzymes become activated by water and solid reserve food changes into solution.

(ii) Role of oxygen:
The metabolic activities require energy. Energy is produced during respiration which requires oxygen.

(iii) Temperature:
Enzymes activity require certain range of temperature. Most of the seeds require the temperature range between 25 to 37 °C. Seeds do not germinate at temperature below 0 °C or above 45 °C.

TYPES OR METHODS OF GERMINATION:
Seed can germinate in two ways i.e.

1. Epigeal Germination
2. Hypogeal Germination

1. Epigeal Germination:

• Epi = above, geo = earth.
• The type of germination where seeds come above the soil during germination.
• The growth rate of hypocotyl is higher than epicotyl.
• The hypocotyl grow in the form of arch.
• The plumule comes out of the seed by the elongation of the hypocotyl.
• Epicotyl is short.
• The cotyledons become green when come above the soil and work as first foliage leaves and perform photosynthesis.
• It is generally shown by the dicot seeds.
• It occurs in beans, onion, papaya, castor, etc.

2. Hypogeal Germination:

• Hypo = below, geo = earth.
• The type of germination where seeds remain in the soil during germination.
• The growth rate of epicotyl is higher than hypocotyl.
• The hypocotyl does not grow in the form of arch.
• The plumule comes out of the seed by the elongation of the epicotyl.
• Epicotyl is long.
• The cotyledons do not turn green and have no role in photosynthesis.
• It is generally shown by the monocot seeds.
• It occurs in coconut, gram, maize, etc.

Source: Special Thanks To Sir Syed Arif Ali