Industrial Chemistry - Chemistry II - Chapter 8 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) -Text Book Exercise - SECTION "B" - Short Questions

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Chapter No.8: Industrial Chemistry
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION B - Short Questions

1. Define saponification process?
Ans: SAPONIFICATION:
Saponification is the reaction of triglycerides with sodium or potassium hydroxide to create glycerol and "soap", a fatty acid salt.

Q.2: Describe that NaOH and KOH are used in the preparation of soap?
Ans: USE OF CAUSTIC SODA (NaOH) IN THE PREPARATION OF SOAP:

• Caustic soda (NaOH) causes saponification and is an essential ingredient in soap-making. When flakes or beads or sodium hydroxide get added to d liquid, it forms a lye solution This solution, when mixed with oils or fats, will lead to a chemical reaction called saponification.
• A Hard soap is created when sodium hydroxide is used.
• Sodium hydroxide is employed as an alkali for the saponification of soap nowadays.

USE OF CAUSTIC POTASH (KOH) IN THE PREPARATION OF SOAP:

• Soap may also be manufactured with potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) as the alkali.
• Potassium soaps are more soluble in water than sodium soaps; in concentrated form, they are called soft soap.
• Although soft soaps are declining in importance, potassium soap is still produced in various liquid concentrations for use in combination with sodium soaps in shaving products and the textile industry.

Q.3: List down the material needed for sugar preparation?
Ans: MATERIAL NEEDED FOR SUGAR PREPARATION:
The raw material needed for the preparation of sugar from sugar cane are as follows:

• Sugar cane beads
• Lime
• Water

Q.4: Explain components of soft drink?
Ans: PREPARATION OF SOFT DRINK:
The basis of soft drinks, the syrup, is made up of water, sugar, acid, coloring and flavoring agents. This syrup is prepared by dissolving these ingredients into water to 65° Brix.

COMPONENTS (Material Required For Preparation) OF SOFT DRINK:
The preparation of soft drinks compose of following components.

• Water 
• Calcium and other minerals
• Coloring and flavoring agent
• Sugar for microbial growth
• Citric acid for sour taste.

Q.5: Define Petroleum?
Ans: PETROLEUM:
Petroleum is a natural substance trapped in rocks beneath the Earth's crust. The term "petroleum' refers to rock oil. Water; salts, and earth particles are all present in this complex combination of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons. It is a liquid that is lighter than water yet insoluble in it.

Q.6: Justify the petroleum is "Black Gold".
Ans: PETROLEUM IS "BLACK GOLD":
Petroleum is referred to as 'black gold' because when crude oil is extracted from the land it is black in colour. This resource is compared to gold due to its valuable properties and worth too, Its many components have a lot of commercial value. Such a substance is rare on earth. Even its extraction is expensive. Crude oil is jet black before purification but after purification, turns golden in colour; therefore, its tagged as Gold.

More Short Questions

Analytical Chemistry - Chemistry II - Chapter 7 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - SECTION "A" - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks

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Chapter No.7: Analytical
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION A - Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

Encircle the correct answer from the following:
1. The Analytical Chemistry deals with instruments and methods to ______, identify and quantify the matter.
a) Mix
b) Separate ✓
c) Differentiate
d) Manipulate

2. The sample may be solid, liquid, gas or a _____ in qualitative analysis.
a) Mixture ✓
b) Compound
c) Substance
d) None of these

3. Analysis deals with the identification of the presence of functional groups in compounds is:
a) Physical qualitative analysis ✓
b) Analytical qualitative analysis
c) Organic qualitative analysis ✓
d) Inorganic qualitative analysis

4. Flame test of copper halide with bluish-green colour identity the presence of:
a) Halogen
b) Hydrogen
c) Copper ✓
d) 'b' and 'c'

5. The physical methods used to measure physical properties are called:
a) Combustion analysis method
b) Atomic emission spectroscopy method ✓
c) Volumetric analysis method
d) Gravimetric analysis method

6. The error caused by improper functioning of an instrument is:
a) Determinant error
b) Indeterminant error
c) Systematic error
d) Both 'a' & 'c' ✓

7. An agreement between a measured value and the accepted true value.
a) Error
b) Accuracy ✓
c) Precision
d) All of these

8. Spectroscopy is the interaction of light with:
a) Liquid
b) Solid
c) Gas
d) Matter ✓

9. The Gas is a mobile phase in:
a) Light chromatography
b) Solid chromatography
c) Gas chromatography ✓
d) None of these

10. It is used to assess the concentration or amount of a given atomic, molecular or ionic chemical.
a) Chromatography
b) Spectroscopy ✓
c) Conductometry
d) Potentiometry

More Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

11. The analytical chemistry consists of ____ main types of analysis.
a) Two ✓
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five

12. The identification of elements, ions or compounds present in a sample is called:
a) Quantitative analysis
b) Qualitative analysis ✓
c) Physical analysis
d) Organic analysis

13. Formation of the white precipitate by adding silver nitrate (AgNO₃) in dilute nitric acid (HNO,₃) indicates the presence of:
a) Halide ✓
b) Hydrogen
c) Copper
d) 'b' and 'c'

14. It deals with the identification of elements.
a) Chemical quantitative analysis
b) Organic qualitative analysis
c) Physical qualitative analysis
d) Inorganic qualitative analysis ✓

15. The determination of how much amount or quantity of one or more substances present in a compound or sample is called:
a) Quantitative analysis ✓
b) Qualitative analysis
c) Physical analysis
d) Organic analysis

16. Chemical reactions such as precipitation, oxidation or neutralization are measured by: (i) volumetric analysis, (ii) gravimetric analysis, (iii) combustion analysis
a) only (i)
b) only (ii)
(c) (ii) & (iii)
(d) All of them ✓

17. It is a measurable factor or boundary which define the performance and quality of analytical methods.
a) Quality
b) Quantity
c) Parameter ✓
d) All of these

18. Various parameters of validation of any analytical method are: (i) selectivity & linearity, (ii) range & accuracy (iii) precision & error
a) (i) & (ii)
b) (i) & (iii)
c) (ii) & (iii)
d) All of them ✓

19. In acid—base titration if burette is not properly cleaned or rinsed will cause:
a) random error
b) systematic error ✓
c) Both 'a' & 'b'
d) None of them

20. An indeterminate error caused by variations of the procedure, environmental factors and limitations of instrumentation.
a) Random error ✓
b) Systematic error
c) Both 'a' & 'b'
d) None of them

21. It is not dependent on precisions.
a) Error
b) Accuracy ✓
c) Both 'a' & 'b'
d) None of them

22. The degree of agreement between replicate measurements of the same quantity.
a) Error
b) Accuracy
c) Precision ✓
d) All of these

23. It is the repeatability of a result and is known as the degree of exactness.
a) Precision ✓
b) Error
c) Accuracy
d) Parameter

24. Interaction of matter with radiative energy as a function of wavelength or frequency is called:
a) HPLC
b) Chromatography
c) Conductometry
d) Spectroscopy ✓

25. They are also known as electronic spectroscopy: (i) Ultraviolet spectroscopy, (ii) Infrared spectroscopy, (iii) Visible spectroscopy
a) (i) & (ii)
b) (i) & (Iii) ✓
c) (ii) & (iii)
d) All of them

26. The wavelength range of ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy is:
a) 52 to 700 nm
b) 92 to 80 0nm
c) 192 to 900 nm ✓
d) 212 to 880 nm

27. Infrared spectroscopy is an analytical technique introduced in:
a) 1950 ✓
b) 1960
c) 1970
d) 1976

28. It is used for specification of functional groups in food products, polymers and industries.
a) Ultraviolet spectroscopy
b) Visible spectroscopy
c) Infrared spectroscopy ✓
d) Liquid chromatography

29. It is an effective tool for quality control in different industries.
a) Visible spectroscopy
b) Infrared spectroscopy ✓
c) Liquid chromatography
d) Gas chromatography

30. Electromagnetic radiations lower in energy than visible radiations are called:
a) Infra-red radiation ✓
b) Ultraviolet radiation
c) Visible radiation
d) None of them

31. The ordinary IR region extends from 2.5 pm (wavelength) to:
a) 7 μm
b) 10 μm
c) 12 μm
d) 15 μm ✓

32. It is also known as vibrational spectroscopy.
a) Ultraviolet spectroscopy
b) Visible spectroscopy
c) Infrared spectroscopy ✓
d) Liquid chromatography

33. It is the modern analytical technique which is used for the separation of compounds.
a) Ultraviolet spectroscopy
c) Visible spectroscopy
c) Infrared spectroscopy
d) Chromatography ✓

34. It is a technique used in analytical chemistry for the separation of volatile compounds.
a) Visible spectroscopy
b) Infrared spectroscopy
c) Liquid chromatography
d) Gas chromatography ✓

35. It is a method used in electroanalytical chemistry to find the concentration of solute in solution.
a) Spectroscopy
b) Potentiometry ✓
c) Chromatography
d) Conductometry

36. It is a method used in the analysis of pollutants in water, pharmaceutical and drugs, quality control in the food industry and clinical chemistry.
a) Spectroscopy
b) Potentiometry ✓
c) Chromatography
d) Conductometry

Fill In The Blanks

1. The analysis and separation of sample to detect and estimate its components through various techniques and instruments is known as Analytical Chemistry.
2. The analytical chemistry answer the basic questions of What, Where, How much about material.
3. The Analytical Chemistry is applied in all fields of chemistry such as Medicine, Clinical laborites, industries, Agriculture, food contamination and environmental protection.
4. The Analytical Chemistry is consisting of two types Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis.
5. Qualitative analysis is concerned with identification of elements, ions or compounds present in sample and only measure quality.
6. Qualitative analysis subdivided in two: inorganic qualitative analysis and organic qualitative analysis.
7. Quantitative analysis is concerned with the estimation of amount of a chemical substance present either alone or in a simple or complex mixture of other substances.
8. Quantitative analysis subdivided in physical quantitative analysis and chemical quantitative analysis.
9. Error is a numerical difference between observed value and true value.
10. Errors are classified as systematic and random errors.
11. The accuracy of analytical method is the closeness of obtained value to the true value of a sample.
12. Precision is defined as the degree of agreement between replicate measurements of the same quantity.
13. The classical methods posses' qualititative as well as quantitative analysis.
14. Chemical and flame tests are qualitative analysis.
15. Titrimatic and gravimetric analysis are quantitative analysis.
16. Instrumental methods includes spectroscopy ,chromatography, electrochemical methods ,ultra violet and visible spectroscopy ,infra red spectroscopy ,HPLC, gas chromatography, potentiomotric and conductometry.

Elements and Compunds With Formulas

Elements With Symbols

• Aluminium = Al
• Bromine = Br
• Chlorine = Cl
• Copper = Cu
• Flourine = F
• Gold = Au
• Iodine = I
• Zinc = Zn

Compounds With Formulas

• Barium Chloride = BaCl₂ (Light Green Flame)
• Benzene = C₆H₆
• Calcium Chloride = CaCl₂ (Orange red Flame)
• Copper Chloride = CuCl₂ (Blue / Green Flame)
• Copper Halide = CuX OR CUX₂
• Copper Sulphate = CuSO₄ (Blue / Green Flame)
• Formaldehyde = CH₂O
• Halides = X (F, Cl, Br, I)
• Hydrochloric acid = HCl
• Lithium Chloride = LiCl (Red Flame)
• Nitric Acid = HNO₃
• Potassium Chloride = KCl (Light Lilac Flame)
• Rubidium chloride = RbCl (Violet Flame)
• Silver Chloride = AgCl
• Silver Nitrate = AgNO₃
• Sodium Hydroxide = NaOH
• Sodium Chloride = NaCl (Yellow Flame)
• Strontium Chloride = SrCl₂ (Red Or Crimson Flame)
• Toluene = C₆H₅CH₃
• Water = H₂O

Xylene = C₈H₁₀ OR (CH₃)₂C₆H₄

Zinc Sulphate = ZnSO₄

Abbreviations

• AES = Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
• EDS = Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy
• FTIR = Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
• HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• IR = Infrared
• pH = Potential of hydrogen

Densities Of Substances

• Density Of Aluminium = 2.7 g/ml
• Density Of Copper = 8.99 g/ml

Name Of Indicators

• Litmus
• Methyl Orange
• Phenolphthalein

Environmental Chemistry - II (Water) - Chemistry II - Chapter 6 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - SECTION "A" - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

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Chapter No.6: Environmental Chemistry II
(Water)
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION A - Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. Which of the following water-borne diseases is of viral origin?
a) Typhoid fever
b) Polio
c) Dysentery
d) Diarrhea ✓

2. How much percentage (%) of the Earth's Surface is covered with water?
a) 70% ✓
b) 60%
c) 90%
d) 75%

3. Which type of bond is formed between H₂O molecules?
a) Hydrogen bond ✓
b) Ionic bond
c) Covalent bond
d) All of these

4. The permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of:
a) MgS0₄
b) Mg(HCO₃)₂
c) Ca(HCO₃)₂
d) All of these ✓

5. How much fresh water is present in rivers and lakes?
a) 0.3%
b) 3%
c) 0.2%
d) 2% ✓

6. Which salts are excessively dissolved to make temporary hard water?
a) CaSO₂₄ and CaCl₂
b) KNO₃ and KOH
c) CaCO₃ and Ca(OH)₂
d) Ca(HCO₃)₂ and Mg(HCO₃)₂ ✓

7. Water is a:
a) polar solvent
b) non-polar solvent
c) amphipathic solvent
d) non-polar charged solvent ✓

8. The taste of water is:
a) sour
b) bitter
c) sweet
d) tasteless ✓

9. Which of the following is helpful for the removal of permanent hardness?
a) Na₂C0₃ ✓
b) Ca(OH)₂
c) CaCO₃
d) Na₂SO₄

More Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

10. Without water, a person can live no more than:
a) 2 to 3 days
b) 4 to 5 days ✓
c) 6 to 7 days
d) 8 to 9 days

11. Water makes up around _____ of the earth's surface.
a) one-sixth
b) one fourth
c) one third ✓
d) half

12. What percentage of water on the earth is salt water?
a) 30%
b) 70%
c) 87%
d) 97% ✓

13. What percentage of water on the earth is fresh water?
a) 3% ✓
b) 30%
c) 70%
d) 97%

14. What percentage of fresh water is accessible to humans?
a) less than 0.5% of the total quantity on the planet
b) less than 1% of the total quantity on the planet ✓
c) more than 3% of the total quantity on the planet
d) more than 30% of the total quantity on the planet

15. Water is litmus:
a) neutral ✓
b) basic
c) acidic
d) None of them

16. At 4°C, maximum density of water is:
a) 100 g.cm_-3
b) 70 g.cm_-3
c) 10 g.cm_-3
d) 1 g.cm_-3 ✓

17. It is known as the universal solvent:
a) Sulphuric acid
b) Nitric acid
c) Water ✓
d) Aqua Regia

18. Which of the following is NOT soluble in water?
a) Benzene
b) Ether
c) Petrol
d) All of these ✓

19. The mechanism by which water rises from the roots of plants to the leaves is known as:
a) eutrophication
b) leaching
c) capillary action ✓
d) photosynthesis

20. An excess of bile pigments in the blood causes:
a) dysentery (
b) jaundice ✓
c) cryptosporidium
d) polio Eilip

21. In this disease the liver stops working, and the eyes turn yellow. The patient is weak and tired.
a) Typhoid
b) Hepatitis E
c) Jaundice ✓
d) Cryptosporidium

22. Hookworm larvae enter the body via the:
a) mouth
b) skin ✓
c) nose
d) wound

23. Fluorosis can harm our:
a) bones
b) teeth
c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✓
d) None of these

24. It is a gastrointestinal ailment caused by a waterborne microbe (protozoa) that causes diarrhea and vomiting.
a) Typhoid
b) Hepatitis E
c) Jaundice
d) Cryptosporidium ✓

25. It is a kind of gastrointestinal infection caused by bacteria or parasites.
a) Dysentery ✓
b) Jaundice
c) Cryptosporidium
d) Polio

Fill In The Blanks

1. Water is the most abundant compound on earth. Its main sources are rain, river, lakes, canal, ground and sea water.
2. 97.5 percent water is saline and rest of water is fresh and able to use.
3. Water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen
4. Water is considered as a universal solvent.
5. Oxygen form one fifth part of the water.
6. The maximum density of water is 1 gm.cm^-3 at 4°C.
7. Freezing point of water is 0°C.
8. Boiling point of water is 100°C.
9. Water shows the anomalous behavior due to the hydrogen bonding so it freezes at 0°C.
10. Water quality is important for the ecological process. even that our own life is depends on quality of water such as watering stock, drinking, fishing and recreation, and to meet cultural and spiritual needs.
11. Drinking water can proceed in to several steps such as creeks, dams, canal, treatment plants, pipes and then in taps.
12. Water which have the less amount of soluble salt is known as soft water.
13. If the saline salt is soluble in excess quantity than hard water is formed.
14. There are two types of hardness in water: temporary and permanent hardness.
15. Temporary hardness formed by the bicarbonates salt of Ca and Mg. 16. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling of water.
17. Permanent hardness is formed by the salt of sulfate and chloride with Ca and Mg.
18. The main sources of water pollutants are sewage water causes by households and industries which effect the main pollutants in water.
19. Water pollutants may be physical chemical and in microorganism.
20. Diseases which are caused by contamination called the waterborne diseases.
21. Water borne diseases are also caused by virus, bacteria and protozoa.
22. Diarrhea and cholera are the main waterborne diseases.

Elements and Compunds With Formulas

Elements With Symbols

• Cadmium = Cd
• Calcium = Ca
• Calcium ion = Ca⁺²
• Carbon = C
• Chlorine ion = Cl^-1
• Hydrogen ion = H⁺
• Lead = Pb
• Magnesium = Mg
• Magnesium ion = Mg⁺²
• Mercury = Hg
• Oxygen = O
• Uxygen ion = O^-2
• Potassium ion = K⁺¹
• Sodium ion = Na⁺¹

Compounds With Formulas

• Aluminium Sulfate = Al₂(SO₄)₃
• Benzane = C₆H₆
• Calcium Bicarbonate = Ca(HCO₃)₂
• Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) = CaCO₃
• Calcium Chloride = CaCl₂
• Calcium hydroxide (Slaked lime OR Lime water) = Ca(OH)₂
• Calcium Sulphate = CaSO₄
• Carbon dioxide = CO₂
• Ether = (C₂H₅)O
• Ferrous (Iron) Sulphate = FeSO₄
• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆
• Hydroxyl ion = OH^-1
• Magnesium Bicarbonate = Mg(HCO₃)₂
• Magnesium Carbonate = MgCO₃
• Magnesium Chloride = MgCl₂
• Magnesium Sulphate = MgSO₄
• Nitrate = NO₃^-
• Phosphate = PO₄^-3
• Potassium Chloride = KCl
• Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda) = Na₂CO₃
• Sodium Chloride = NaCl
• Sodium Sulphate = Na₂SO₄
• Sodium Zeolite = NaAlSi₂O₆-H₂O
• Sugar = C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
• Water = H2₂O

Concept Map

Environmental Chemistry - I (The Atmosphere) - Chemistry II - Chapter 5 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - SECTION "A" - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

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Chapter No.5: Environmental Chemistry I
(The Atmosphere)
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION A - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. Second highest layer of Earth's atmosphere is:
a) stratosphere
b) mesosphere
c) troposphere
d) thermosphere ✔

2. Aeroplanes fly in:
a) troposphere ✔
b) stratosphere
c) mesosphere
d) thermosphere

3. Atmospheric pressure decreases with the:
a) increase in longitude
b) decrease in altitude
c) increase in altitude ✔
d) increase in latitude

4. Layer of atmosphere which separates stratosphere and troposphere is known as:
a) tropo-pause ✔
b) mesopause
c) thermopause
d) stratopause

5. Ozone layer is part of:
a) mesosphere
b) stratosphere ✔
c) thermosphere
d) troposphere

6. Which is not part of greenhouse gases?
a) carbon dioxide
b) methane
c) nitrous oxide
d) oxygen ✔

7. Second most abundant constituent of dry air in terms of volume after nitrogen is:
a) nitrogen
b) oxygen ✔
c) carbon dioxide
d) helium

8. Which of the following is the reason of global warming?
a) Presence of sulphite
b) Rise in CO₂ concentration. ✔
c) Oxides of nitrogen d) Formation of ozone

9. The altitude on stratosphere is:
a) 40 to 45 km
b) 50 to 55 km ✔
c) 60 to 65 km
d) 70 to 75 km

10. Ozone is a gas found in the layer:
a) Troposphere
b) Mesosphere
c) Stratosphere ✔
d) Exosphere

More Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

11. The earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the:
a) atmosphere ✔
b) weather
c) Exosphere
d) Troposphere

12. The most abundant element in the atmosphere is:
a) oxygen
b) carbon dioxide
c) nitrogen ✔
d) argon

13. The percentage of nitrogen is found in the atmosphere:
a) 60.78%
b) 68.29%
c) 72.68%
d) 78.09% ✔

14. The second most abundant element in the atmosphere is:
a) oxygen ✔
b) carbon dioxide
c) nitrogen
d) argon

15. The percentage of oxygen is found in the atmosphere:
a) 10.99%
b) 13.78%
c) 20.95% ✔
d) 27.89%

16. The Earths atmosphere is divided up into ______ major layers.
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5 ✔
d) 6

17. With respect to earth surface, the earth's atmospheric layers are classified on the bases of:
a) temperature
b) density
c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✔
d) None of them

18. The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere is:
a) stratosphere
b) mesosphere
c) troposphere ✔
d) thermosphere

19. Troposphere altitudes varies from about:
a) 9 to 17 km ✔
b) 12 to 19 km
c) 17 to 23 km
d) 21 to 27 km

20. Weather in this layer affects our daily life.
a) Thermosphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Troposphere ✔
d) Mesosphere

21. Around 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is in the:
a) Stratosphere
b) Thermosphere
c) Exosphere
d) Troposphere ✔

22. It is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere.
a) Thermosphere
b) Stratosphere ✔
c) Troposphere
d) Mesosphere

23. The higher the altitude the _______ is the atmosphere.
a) warm
b) hotter ✔
c) cold
d) freezing

24. Weather balloons go as high as the:
a) Stratosphere ✔
b) Thermosphere
c) Exosphere
d) Troposphere

25. The waste or exhaust products produced by the burning of fossil fuels and organic materials are referred to as:
a) primary pollutants ✔
b) secondary pollutants
c) Both 'a' & 'b'
d) None of them

26. Which one of the following is a primary pollutant?
a) Sulphuric acid
b) Carbonic acid
c) Ammonia ✔
d) Peroxy acetyl nitrate

27. Which one of the following is a secondary pollutant?
a) Carbon oxides
b) Sulphur oxide
c) Hydrocarbons
d) Hydrofluoric acid ✔

28. It causes the production of smog.
a) Sulphur dioxide
b) Carbon monoxide ✔
c) Nitrogen Oxides
d) Ozone

29. Key contributor to the creation of acid rain is:
a) Sulphur dioxide ✔
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Nitrogen Oxides
d) Ozone

30. Above the earth's surface, ozone layer is found roughly:
a) 10 to 20 km
b) 25 to 30 km ✔
c) 35 to 40 km
d) 45 to 60 km

31. It is a major contributor to ozone depletion.
a) CO₂
b) Smoke
c) CFC ✔
d) SO₂

Fill In The Blanks

1.The earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere.
2. The earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen (78.09%) and oxygen (20.95%), with small amounts of argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), water vapors, and other gases.
3. The Earth's atmosphere is divided into 5 major layers, namely: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.
4. Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
5. Major air pollutants are Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, particulate matter and greenhouse gases.
6. Acid rain is the precipitation of acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms.
7. Ozone is a gas majorly found in the lower stratosphere consisting of three oxygen atoms O₃.
8. The major causes of ozone depletion are CFCs.
9. The greenhouse effect is a warming of Earth's surface and the air above it.

Elements and Compunds With Formulas

Elements With Symbols

• Aluminium = Al
• Argon = Ar
• Carbon = C
• Chlorine = Cl
• Chromium = Cr
• Fluorine = F
• Helium = He
• Krypton = Kr
• Lead = Pb
• Mercury = Hg
• Neon = Ne
• Nitrogen = N ⇒
• Oxygen = O
• Sulphur = S
• Xenon = Xe

Compounds With Formulas

• Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) = CaCO₃
• Calcium hydroxide (Slaked lime) = Ca(OH)₂
• Carbon dioxide = CO₂
• Carbon monoxide = CO
• Carbonic acid = H₂CO₃
• Chlorofluorocarbons = CFCs
• Hexafluoroethane = CF₆
• Hydrofluoric acid = HF
• Hydrogen peroxide = H₂O₂
• Methane = CH₄
• Nitrate ion = NO₃^-1
• Nitric acid = HNO₃
• Nitric Oxide = NO
• Nitrogen dioxide = NO₂
• Nitrogen per oxide = N₂O
• Nitrous acid = HNO₂
• Ozone = O₃
• Peroxy acetyl nitrate = PAN
• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆
• Sulphate ion = SO₄^-2
• Sulfur (Sulphur) dioxide = SO₂
• Sulphur trioxide = SO₃
• Sulphuric acid = H₂SO₄
• Trichlorofluoromethane = CFCl₃
• Water = H2₂O

Abbreviations

• UV = Ultraviolet Light
• VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds

Concept Map

Industrial Chemistry - Chemistry II - Chapter 8 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - SECTION "A" - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

Go To Index
Chapter No.8: Industrial Chemistry
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION A - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. Soap is the term for a salt of a:
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) citric acid
(c) sulphuric acid
(d) fatty acid ✔

2. Surfactants reduce the ______ of water.
(a) viscosity
(b) surface tension ✔
(c) boiling point
(d) melting point

3. The carboxylate end of the soap molecule that is attracted to water is called:
(a) hydrophobic end
(b) endpoint
(c) hydrophilic end ✔
(d) None of them

4. The use of potassium hydroxide produced a:
(a) hard soap
(b) soft soap ✔
(c) moderate soap
(d) All of these

5. The citric acid is used in the preparation of cold drinks for:
(a) sweet taste
(b) bitter taste
(c) sour taste ✔
(d) salty taste

6. The centrifuge machine used for separation of:
(a) juice
(b) pH
(c) mud
(d) crystal ✔

7. The abrasives are:
(a) water-soluble minerals
(b) water-insoluble minerals ✔
(c) water semi soluble minerals
(d) water absorbing minerals

8. The harvesting is the most important step of:
(a) preparation of soap
(b) preparation of cold drinks
(c) preparation of sugar ✔
(d) preparation of medicines

9. Which of the following is used as jet fuel?
(a) Kerosene oil ✔
(b) Diesel oil
(c) Fuel oil
(d) petrol

10. Which one of the following is not a fraction of crude oil?
(a) Paraffin wax
(b) Ammonia ✔
(c) Fuel oil
(d) Petroleum coke

More Multiple Choice QuestionsS (MCQs)

11. _______ different products are manufactured through chemical industries.
(a) 10,000
(b) 100,000
(c) 70,000
(d) more than 70,000 ✔

12. Saponification is the reaction of _______with sodium or potassium hydroxide.
(a) triglycerides ✔
(b) glycerol
(c) soap
(d) None of them

13. Animal fats or vegetable oils are the most common sources of:
(a) citric acid
(b) triglycerides ✔
(c) glycerol
(d) All of them

14. The use of sodium hydroxide produced a:
(a) hard soap ✔
(b) soft soap
(c) moderate soap
(d) All of these

15. Animal fat tallows from cows, such as lard, are often used for/in:
(a) preparation of sugar
(b) distillation of petroleum
(c) soap making ✔
(d) preparation of medicine

16. It is mild, moisturizing and gives a low creamy lather:
(a) annual fats
(b) plant oils ✔
(b) caustic soda
(d) potassium hydroxide

17. It causes saponification and is an essential ingredient in soap making.
(a) Citric acid
(b) Lime
(c) Silica
(d) Caustic soda ✔

18. They help in removing grease and dirt from the skin.
(a) Animal fats
(b) Plant oils
(c) Additives
(d) Abrasives ✔

19. The preparation of sugar from sugarcane is composed of ____ steps.
(a) 6 ✔
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) 3

20. Sugar crystals are separated in:
(a) vacuum pans
(b) centrifuge machine ✔
(c) evaporators
(d) fractionating towers

21. The basis of soft drinks, the syrup, is prepared by dissolving these ingredients into the water to:
(a) 25° Brix
(b) 45° Brix
(c) 65° Brix ✔
(d) 85° Brix

22. The term "petroleum" refers to:
(a) rock oil ✔
(b) ground oil
(c) sand oil
(d) deep oil

23. Petroleum is a liquid that is _____ than water yet _____ in it.
(a) heavier, soluble
(b) heavier, insoluble
(c) lighter, insoluble ✔
(d) lighter, soluble

24. Petroleum is mostly made up of:
(a) hydrogen and oxygen
(b) hydrogen and nitrogen
(c) hydrogen and silica
(d) hydrogen and carbon ✔

25. In petroleum, the percentage of carbon is found to be:
(a) 0.1 to 2%
(b) 10 to 14%
(c) 40 to 55%
(d) 83 to 85% ✔

26. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is the first and so far, only human illness to be declared eliminated globally.
(a) polio
(b) smallpox ✔
(c) Cholera
(d) AIDS

27. It is a key component in the combustion process.
(a) Air
(b) Oxygen
(c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✔
(d) None of them

Fill In The Blanks

• The Chemical industry is the one responsible industry for converting raw valuable products.
• Soap is the term for a salts of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.
• Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be refined into several chemical compounds.
• Petroleum is formed composition of dead animals and plants buried under the earth crust.
• Petroleum (crude oil) can be separated into several useful products by fractional distillation.
• The pharmaceutical industry plays a significant role in developing medications and vaccines to reduce the incidence of diseases, to treat diseases and enhance the quality of life of people.
• The pharmaceutical industry is the part of the healthcare sector that deals with medications.
• The pharmaceutical industry comprises different subfields pertaining to the development, production and marketing of medications.
• The pharmaceutical industry more or less interdependent subfields consist of drug manufacturers, drug marketers and biotechnology companies.

Abbreviations

• CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
• LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
• WHO: World Health Organization

Compounds With Formulas

• CH₄: Methane
• C₂H₆: Ethane
• C₃H₈: Propane
• C₄H₁₀: Butane
• C₈H₁₈: Octane (Gasoline - Petrol)
• C₁₀H₂₂: Decane (Naphtha)
• C₁₂H₂₆: Dodecane (Kerosene - Paraffin)
• C₁₆H₃₄: Hexadecane (Diesel oil)
• C₂₀H₄₂: Icosane (Fuel oil)
• NaOH: Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)

Biochemistry - Chemistry II - Chapter 4 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

Go To Index
Chapter No.4: Biochemistry
For Class X (Science Group)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. Glucose is:
(a) vitamin
(b) protein
(c) carbohydrate ✓
(d) lipid

2. The deficiency of vitamin D causes:
(a) beriberi
(b) rickets ✓
(c) scurvy
(d) hemorrhage

3. ______ encodes genetic information.
(a) R.N.A
(b) D.N.A ✓
(c) progesterone
(d) cholesterol

4. The carbohydrates which contain the aldehyde group are called:
(a) saccharides
(b) ketoses
(c) pentoses
(d) aldoses ✓

5. Amino acids are building blocks of:
(a) nucleic acids
(b) protein ✓
(c) vitamins
(d) lipid

6. Which one of the following is a polysaccharide?
(a) Fructose
(b) Maltose
(c) Starch ✓
(d) N.O.T

7. Lactose is:
(a) grape sugar
(b) honey sugar
(c) milk sugar ✓
(d) cane sugar

8. What is true about a peptide?
(a) It is a protein
(b) It is an anhydride of carboxylic acids
(c) It is an anhydride of an amine ✓
(d) It is a polyamide

9. Fats are solids at:
(a) ordinary room temperature ✓
(b) high temperature
(c) higher than 50°C temperature
(d) N.O.T

10. Cotton contains cellulose.
(a) 30%
(b) 65%
(c) 85%
(d) 95% ✓

11. The word Biochemistry means:
(a) chemistry of cells
(b) chemistry of animals
(c) chemistry of plants
(d) chemistry of life ✓

12. This branch of chemistry deals with the study of chemical and physical processes inside a living system:
(a) Biochemistry ✓
(b) Organic Chemistry
(c) Inorganic Chemistry
(d) Physical Chemistry

13. The first time the word biochemistry was used by German chemist Carl Neuberg in:
(a) 1885
(b) 1890
(c) 1903 ✓
(d) 1933

14. Generally carbohydrates contain elements like:
(a) carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
(b) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ✓
(c) carbon, hydrogen and alkyl halides
(d) carbon, oxygen and-nitrogen

15. Most carbohydrates are represented by the general formula:
(a) C(H₂O)_y
(b) C_x(H₂O)
(c) C_x{H₂0)_y ✓
(d) C_y(H₂O)_y

16. The carbohydrates which contain the ketone group are called:
(a) saccharides
(b) ketoses ✓
(c) pentoses
(d) aldoses

17. Majority of carbohydrates are sweet in taste so they are also called:
(a) saccharides ✓
(b) ketoses
(c) pentoses
(d) aldoses

18. Based on hydrolysis, there are types of carbohydrates.
(a) two
(b) three ✓
(c) four
(d) five

19. Monosaccharides are also called:
(a) sugars
(b) easy sugars
(c) single sugars
(d) simple sugars ✓

20. These carbohydrates cannot be further simplified an hydrolysis.
(a) Monosaccharides ✓
(b) Oligosaccharides
(c) Polysaccharides
(d) All of them

21. These carbohydrates contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
(a) Monosaccharides ✓
(b) Oligosaccharides
(c) Polysaccharides
(d) All ef them

22. Glucose (grape sugar) belongs to:
(a) saccharides
(b) ketoses
(c) pentoses
(d) aldoses ✓

23. Fructose (honey) belongs to:
(a) saccharides
(b) ketoses ✓
(c) pentoses
(d) aldoses

24. Aldoses and ketoses are examples of:
(a) Monosaccharides ✓
(b) Oligosaccharides
(c) Polysaccharides
(d) All of them

25. It is also known as blood sugar.
(a) Fructose
(b) Sucrose
(c) Glucose ✓
(d) Lactose

26. Per 100 ml, the normal range for blood glucose is:
(a) 40-70 mg
(b) 65-110 mg ✓
(c) 70-150 mg
(d) 90-180 mg

27. It occurs in ripe fruits, honey, cane sugar etc.
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose ✓
(c) Lactose
(d) Mattose

28. In oligosaccharides, monosaccharides are connected by:
(a) glucose bond/linkage
(b) saccharide bond/linkage
(c) covalent bond/linkage
(d) glycosidic bond/linkage ✓

29. Sucrose, maltose, lactose (milk sugar) etc. are important members of:
(a) Monosaccharides
(b) Oligosaccharides ✓
(c) Polysaccharides
(d) All of them

30. They are required as the energy source for the survival of both plants and animals.
(a) Carbohydrates ✓
(b) Proteins
(c) Lipids
(d) Fatty acids

31. It is a food additive. It is found in confectioneries, condensed milk, canned fruits, jams, and jellies, among other things.
(a) Glucose
(b) Fructose
(c) Lactose
(d) Sucrose ✓

32. It helps in cholesterol reduction and blood pressure regulation.
(a) Carbohydrates ✓
(b) Proteins
(c) Lipids
(d) Fatty acids

33. It promotes peristalsis in the intestine.
(a) Starch
(b) Celluloses ✓
(c) Glucose
(d) Fructose

34. It is used as a raw material in a variety of industries, including textiles and paper.
(a) Starch
(b) Celluloses ✓
(c) Glucose
(d) Fructose

35. It is utilized in the production of ethanol and laundries.
(a) Starch ✓
(b) Celluloses
(c) Glucose
(d) Fructose

36. The word protein is taken from Greek 'Proteios' means:
(a) first ✓
(b) last
(c) strong
(d) weak

37. These are nitrogenous macromolecules found in all the cells of living organisms.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Proteins ✓
(c) Lipids
(d) Fatty acids

38. Upto twenty amino acids have been found in nature. Out of them, the number of essential amino acids is:
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 10 ✓
(d) 17

39. Due to this linkage protein is formed.
(a) glucose bond/linkage
(b) saccharide bond/linkage
(c) peptide bond/linkage ✓
(d) glycosidic bond/linkage

40. Proteins may contain:
(a) 10 to 1000 amino acid molecules
(b) 30 to 3000 amino acid molecules
(c) 45 to 5500 amino acid molecules
(d) 60 to 6000 amino acid molecules ✓

41. Human consume proteins as food since they are required for:
(a) energy production
(b) cell repairing
(c) protoplasm production ✓
(d) None of them

42. They are proteins generated by living organisms.
(a) Cellulose
(b) Enzymes ✓
(c) Gelatin
(d) Lipids

43. It is produced, when bones are cooked.
(a) Cellulose
(b) Enzymes
(c) Gelatin ✓
(d) Lipids

44. They are the building blocks of cells:
(a) Cellulose
(b) Enzymes
(c) Gelatin
(d) Lipids ✓

45. They are lipids building components.
(a) Fatty acids ✓
(b) Amino acids
(c) Carboxylic acids
(d) Proteins

46. They are carboxylic acids with a lengthy chain, either saturated or unsaturated.
(a) Fatty acids ✓
(b) Amino acids
(c) Carboxylic acids
(d) Proteins

47. He discovered vitamins in 1912.
(a) Funk
(b) Wohler
(c) Hopkins ✓
(d) Presley

48. He discovered Vitamin B₁ (Thiamin).
(a) Funk ✓
(b) Wohler
(c) Hopkins
(d) Presley

49. On the basis of solubility, there are ____ types of vitamins.
(a) two ✓
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five

50. Water soluble vitamins are obtained from:
(a) lipids
(b) meat
(c) fats
(d) cereals and fruits ✓

51. Vitamin B (complex) and vitamin C are:
(a) fat soluble vitamins
(b) water soluble vitamins ✓
(c) Both 'a' & 'b'
(d) None of them

52. Which statement is TRUE for water-soluble vitamins?
(a) These vitamins are not stored in the body.
(b) If we take these vitamins excess, they cannot harm us.
(c) These vitamins are easily excreted from our bodies
(d) All of them ✓

53. The deficiency of vitamin B causes:
(a) beriberi ✓
(b) rickets
(c) scurvy
(d) hemorrhage

54. Vitamins A, D, E and K are:
(a) fat soluble vitamins ✓
(b) water soluble vitamins
(c) Both 'a' & 'b'
(d) None of them

55. Which of the following is called sunshine vitamin?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D ✓

56. Which statement is FALSE for fat-soluble vitamins?
(a) They are stored in the body for a long period of time.
(b) If we take these vitamins in excess, they cannot harm us. ✓
(c) These vitamins are obtained from lipids.
(d) All of them

57. These enzymes are utilized in the production of bread.
(a) Lipase
(b) Lactase
(c) Amylase ✓
(d) Cellulase

58. The following enzyme is used to make ice cream sweeter.
(a) Lipases
(b) Lactase ✓
(c) Amylase
(d) Cellulase

Chapter No.3: Organic Chemistry -Chemistry For Class X (2022 and Onward) - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

Go To Index
Organic Chemistry
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. The branch of chemistry which deals with hydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as:
(a) Organic chemistry ✓
(b) Inorganic chemistry
(c) Biochemistry
(d) Physical chemistry

2. The general formula for alkanes is:
(a) C_nH_2n
(b) C_nH_2n+1
(c) C_nH_2n+2 ✓
(d) C_nH_2n-1

3. Which of the following is an alcohol?
(a) CH₃-CHO
(b) CH₃-CH₂-O-CH₃
(c) CH₃-OH ✓
(d) HCOOH

4. Which of the following is a saturated hydrocarbon?
(a) CH₃-CH=CH₂
(b) CH₃-CH₂-CH₃ ✓
(c) CH₃-C=CH
(d) CH₂=CH-C=CH

5. The prefix ‘hept’ stands for the ____ carbon atoms.
(a) 2
(b) 5
(c) 7 ✓
(d) 9

6. The functional group -COOH is used for:
(a) alkynes
(b) alcohols
(c) phenols
(d) Carboxylic acids ✓

7. Polyethene is:
(a) oil
(b) paper
(c) plastic ✓
(d) wood

8. Acetic acid is obtained from:
(a) banana
(b) dates
(c) garlic
(d) vinegar ✓

9. Alkenes:
(a) show the same general formula as alkynes
(b) have carbon-carbon triple bond
(c) have carbon-carbon double bond ✓
(d) are saturated hydrocarbons

10. CH₃-CH₂- is radical.
(a) Methyl
(b) Ethyl ✓
(c) n-propyl
(d) Isopropyl

11. Vital Force Theory was introduced by:
(a) Wohler
(b) Arrhenius
(c) Lewis
(d) Berzelius ✓

12. In 1828, he converted an inorganic compound ammonium cyanate into urea.
(a) Wohler ✓
(b) Arrhenius
(c) Lewis
(d) Berzelius

13. It is an organic compound excreted in the urine of mammals.
(a) Alcohols
(b) Alkynes
(c) Urea ✓
(d) Ketones

14. It ts the key element in all organic compounds.
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon ✓
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Iron

15. In organic compounds after carbon, the most frequently used element is:
(a) Hydrogen ✓
(b) Oxygen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Sodium

16. Which one of these statements is TRUE?
(a) Organic compounds are insoluble in water
(b) Non-polar organic compounds are soluble in benzene
(c) None of these
(d) Both 'a' & 'b' ✓

17. The rate of reactivity of organic compounds is:
(a) fast
(b) moderate
(c) slow
(d) very slow ✓

18. Organic compounds have ______ different sorts of formulae.
(a) 2
(b) 4 ✓
(c) 5
(d) 6

19. Which one indicates the exact number of atoms in one molecule of an organic compound?
(a) Molecular formula ✓
(b) Structural formula
(c) Condensed formula
(d) Dot and cross formula

20. Molecular formula of butane is:
(a) C₃H₈
(b) C₄H₁₀ ✓
(c) C₅H₁₂
(d) C₆H₁₄

21. It is also known as the electronic formula, which depicts the sharing of electrons between distinct atoms in a single molecule of an organic compound.
(a) Molecular formula
(b) Structural formula
(c) Condensed formula
(d) Dot and cross formula ✓

22. Benzene is a/an:
(a) straight chain compound
(b) branched chain compound
(c) heterocyclic compound
(d) cyclic compound ✓

23. More than ____ organic compound (carbon compounds) exist.
(a) 1 million
(b) 3 million
(c) 5 million
(d) 10 million ✓

24. It is the capacity of atoms to build long chains and huge rings by linking with other similar atoms.
(a) Homologous
(b) Isomerism
(c) Catenation ✓
(d) Saturated

25. If two compounds have the same molecular formula but distinct atom arrangements in their molecules or different structural formulas, they are said to be:
(a) Isomers ✓
(b) Homologous
(c) Saturated
(d) Unsaturated

26. A cause / causes for the abundance of organic molecules is / are:
(a) Catenation
(b) Isomerism
(c) None of these
(d) Both 'a' & 'b' ✓

27. Wood has a carbon content of:
(a) 20%
(b) 40% ✓
(c) 60%
(d) 90%

28. lt is a major and important component of natural gas.
(a) Methane ✓
(b) Ethane
(c) Propane
(d) Butane

29. The fundamental unit of carbohydrates is:
(a) starch
(b} cellulose
(c) glucose ✓
(d) protein

30. It is / They are formed as glucose polymerizes further:
(a) Starch
(b) Cellulose
(c) None of these
(d) Both 'a' & 'b' ✓

31. Pulses and beans are high in:
(a) vitamins
(b) protein ✓
(c) oils
(d) fats

32. The general formula for alkenes is:
(a) C_nH_2n ✓
(b) C_nH_2n+1
(c) C_nH_2n+2
(d) C_nH_2n-1

33. C_nH_2n-1 is general formula of:
(a) alkanes
(b) alkenes
(c) alkynes ✓
(d) alcohols

34. C₆H₁₃ ts radical:
(a) Propyl
(b) Pentyl
(c) Hexyl ✓
(d) Octyl

35. C_nH_2n+1 is the general formula of:
(a) alkanes
(b) alkenes
(c) alkynes
(d) alkyl radicals ✓

36. Removal of terminal H form propane, termed as:
(a) n-propyl ✓
(b) isopropyl
(c) ter-propyl
(d) sec-propyl

37. Removal of central H form butane, termed as:
(a) n-butyl
(b) isobutyl
(c) ter-butyl
(d) sec-butyl ✓

38. It is produced by plants through photosynthesis.
(a) Starch
(b) Cellulose
(c) Glucose ✓
(d) Protein

39. They contain carbon-carbon double and triple bonds.
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons ✓
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons
(c) Alkanes
(d) Alkyl radicals

40. They have a less amount of carbon and a high amount of hydrogen.
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons ✓
(c) Alkanes
(d) Alkyl radicals

41. Which one is less reactive?
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons ✓
(c) None of these
(d) Both 'a' & 'b'

42. They burn with yellow and sooty flame in the air.
(a) Unsaturated hydrocarbons ✓
(b) Saturated hydrocarbons
(c) Alkanes
(d) Alkynes

43. In alcohols the functional group is:
(a) alkyl halide
(b) alkoxyl group
(c) carbonyl group
(d) hydroxyl group ✓

44. The polar hydroxyl group (-OH) in alcohols, for example, improves:
(a) melting point
(b) boiling point
(c) solubility ✓
(d) density

45. General Formula of ethers is:
(a) C_nH_2n-2
(b) C_nH_2n+2O ✓
(c) C_nH_2n+1X
(d) C_nH_2n-1OH

46. Functional group of aldehydes is:
(a) =C=C=
(b) -C=C-
(c) -CH=O ✓
(d) =C=O

47. R-CO-OH This is the functional group of:
(a) carboxylic acids ✓
(6) esters
(c) alcohols
(d) phenols

48. Formula of formaldehyde is as follows:
(a) H₃C-CO-CH₃
(b) H₃C-CO-CH₂CH₃
(c) H₃C-CO-H
(d) H-CO-H ✓

49. H₃C-CO-CH₃, This is the formula of:
(a) acetaldehyde
(b) acetone ✓
(c) acetic acid
(d) formaldehyde

50. Formula of formic acid is:
(a) H₃C-CO-CH₃
(b) H₃C-CO-CH₂-CH₃
(c) H₃C-CH=O
(d) H-CO-OH ✓

51. =C-OH, This is the functional group of:
(a) secondary alcohols
(b) tertiary alcohols ✓
(c) secondary ethers
(d) tertiary ethers

52. The organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen as functional group are called as:
(a) amines ✓
(b) esters
(c) ethers
(d) ketones

FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. Vital force theory was introduced by Berzelius in 1815.
2. First time Berzelius used the word organic compound for those compounds which are obtained from animals and plants.
3. According to Vital Force Theory, organic compounds can only be prepared in living tissues by vital force.
4. In 1828 the German Chemist Friedrich Wohler converted an inorganic compound ammonium cyanate into urea.
5. Urea is the first synthesized organic compound.
6. Organic compounds are obtained from living things (animals and plants).
7. Carbon is an essential element in all natural and synthesised organic compounds.
8. Hydrocarbons are composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
9. The study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives is modern definition of organic chemistry.
10. Organic compounds have weaker bonding than ionic compounds so they have lower melting and boiling points.
11. There are total of 118 elements that are currently known.
12. Self linking property of carbon is called catenation.
13. Pentane (C₅H₁₂) has three isomers.
14. Saturated hydrocarbons or paraffins are alkanes.
15. The compounds having same molecular formula but different structures are termed as isomers.
16. Due to catenation and isomerization millions of organic compounds are existed in the universe.
17. On the basis of chains organic compounds are divided into main two classes- open chain and closed chain (cyclic) compounds.
18. Saturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon single bonds.
19. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.
20. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon double and triple bonds.
21. Alkenes (C=C) and alkynes are (C=C) unsaturated hydrocarbons.
22. Organic compounds are insoluble in water.
23. Organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents like benzene, carbon disulphide, ether, alcohols etc.
24. Organic compounds have slow rate of reactions.
25. On combustion, all organic compounds produce one of the common product carbon dioxide.
26. The members of homologous series have same functional group.
27. Coal is also called black gold.
28. In Pakistan the name sui gas is used for natural gas.
29. The name of organic compound is composed of two parts: Prefix + suffix.
30. Prefix tells the number of carbon atoms and suffix tells functional group in each molecule.
31. Alkyl radicals are formed by the removal of hydrogen from alkanes.
32. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic properties.
33. On the basis of functional groups organic compounds are divided into different families.
34. Many organic compounds are used in perfumes, scents, paints, dyes and drugs.

COMPOUNDS NAME WITH THEIR FORMULAS:

1. Acetaldehyde CH₃-CHO
2. Acetic acid CH₃COOH OR CH₃-CO-OH
3. Acetone (Dimethyl ketone) CH₃-CO-CH₃
4. Ammonium cyanate NH₄CN
5. Benzene C₆H₆
6. Carbon disulphide CS₂
7. Chloroform CHCl₃
8. Dimethyl ether H₃C-O-CH₃
9. Diethyl ether C₂H₅-O-C₂H₅
10. Dimethyl amine H₃C-NH-CH₃
11. Ethene C₂H₆ OR CH₃=CH₃
12. Ethyne OR Acetylene C₂H₂ OR HC=CH
13. Ethyl acetate H₃C-CO-OC₂H₅
14. Ethyl alcohol CH₃-CH₂-OH
15. Ethyl methyl ether H₃C-O-C₂H₅
16. Ethyl methyl ketone H₃C-CO-CH₂-CH₃
17. Formaldehyde H-CO-H
18. Formic acid H-CO-OH
19. Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
20. Methyl acetate H₃C-CO-OCH₃
21. Methyl alcohol CH₃-OH
22. Methyl amine H₃C-NH₂
23. Propyne CH₃-C=CH
24. Silicon Si
25. Trimethyl amine (CH₃-)₃N
26. Urea NH₂-CO-NH₂

ABBREVIATIONS:

• CNG Compressed natural gas

Chapter No.2: Acid Base And Salt -Chemistry For Class X (2022 and Onward) - Multiple Choice Questions, Fill in the blanks, Concept Diagram

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Acid Base And Salt
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Tick the correct answer from the following:
1. Corrosive effect on skin is caused by:
(a) acid ✔
(b) base
(c) salt
(d) both a & b

2. Preservatives are used to preserve:
(a) acids
(b) bases
(c) food ✔
(d) water

3. Which of the following is not an Arrhenius acid?
(a) HCl
(b) CO₂ ✔
(c) HNO₃
(d) H₂SO₄

4. NH₃ can be a base according to:
(a) Arrhenius theory
(b) Bronsted-Lowery theory
(c) Lewis theory
(d) both b and ✔ c

5. Which of the following is a Lewis base?
(a) HNO₃
(b) CN ✔
(c) HCl
(d) AlCl₃

6. A substance that can donate a pair of electron to form coordinate covalent bond:
(a) Lewis acid
(b) Lewis base ✔
(c) Bronsted—Lowery acid
(d) Bronsted-Lowery base

7. If pH value is greater than 7, then solution is:
(a) acidic
(b) basic ✔
(c) amphoteric
(d) neutral

8. Salt among following is:
(a) HCl
(b) KCl ✔
(c) HNO₃
(d) H₂SO₄

9. Substances that react with both acids and bases are called:
(a) conjugate acids
(b) conjugate bases
(c) amphoteric substances ✔
(d) Buffers

10. The reaction of acid and base to form salt and water is called:
(a) hydration
(b) Neutralization ✔
(c) hydrolysis
(d) both a & c

11. Curd, vinegar, lemon, and orange juice have a sour flavor, they are:
(a) acidic ✔
(b) basic
(c) amphoteric
(d) neutral

12. Bitter-gourd, coffee, and chocolate have a bitter flavor, they are:
(a) acidic
(b) basic ✔
(c) amphoteric
(d) neutral

13. Alum is an example of:
(a) acids
(b) bases
(c) salts ✔
(d) neutral

14. It is used in batteries, paints, paper, fertilizer, detergent, and fertilizers.
(a) HCl
(b) H₂SO₄  ✔
(c) NaOH 
(d) Ca(OH)₂

15. In our stomach, it is utilized to breakdown food.
(a) HCl ✔
(b) H₂SO₄
(c) NaOH
(d) Ca(OH)₂

16. It is utilized in the soap and paper industries:
(a) HCl
(b) H₂SO₄
(c) NaOH ✔
(d) Ca(OH)₂

17. Cement and plaster of Paris are both made from:
(a) HCl
(b) H₂SO₂
(c) NaOH
(d) Ca(OH)₂ ✔

18. It is used in the production of fertilizers.
(a) Silver bromide
(b) Calcium chloride
(c) Ammonia ✔
(d) Calcium hydroxide

19. Silver bromide is used in:
(a) fertilizers
(b) photography ✔
(c) medicines
(d) paper industry

20. It is utilized as a drying agent:
(a) Silver bromide
(b) Calcium chloride ✔
(c) Ammonia
(d) Calcium hydroxide

21. According to Arrhenius theory, when acids are dissolved in water, they produce:
(a) hydrogen (H⁺) ions ✔
(b) hydroxide ions (OH^-)
(c) protons
(d) electrons

22. According to Arrhenius theory, when bases are dissolved in water, they produce:
(a) hydrogen (H⁺) ions
(b) hydroxide ions (OH^-) ✔
(c) protons
(d) electrons

23. A salt is a/an:
(a) ionic compound ✔
(b) covalent compound
(c) Both 'a' & 'b'
(d) None of them

24. According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid:
(a) produces hydrogen (H⁺) ions
(b) produces hydroxide ions (OH^-)
(c) donates a proton (H⁺) ✔
(d) accepts a proton (H⁺)

25. According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base:
(a) produces hydrogen (H⁺) ions
(b) produces hydroxide ions (OH^-)
(c) donates a proton (H⁺)
(d) accepts a proton (H⁺) ✔

26. A Lewis acid is an:
(a) a proton donor
(b) a proton acceptor
(c) an electron pair acceptor ✔
(d) an electron pair donor

27. BF, is a Lewis:
(a) acid ✔
(b) base
(c) salt
(d) neutral

28. Pure water is considered as a:
(a) strong electrolyte
(b) weak electrolyte ✔
(c) strong base
(d) weak base

29. pH is the measurement of the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution. Which is true for pH?
(a) log[H⁺]
(b) log[OH^-]
(c) -log[H⁺] ✔
(d) -log[OH^-]

30. It can be defined mathematically as - log[OH^-].
(a) pH
(b) pOH ✔
(c) pH scale
(d) pOH scale

31. pH Scale has values ranging from zero to:
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 14 ✔

32. NH₄C1₂, NaHSO₄ and NaH₂P0₄ are examples of:
(a) acidic salts ✔
(b) basic salts
(c) neutral salts
(d) All of them

33. Acidic salt solutions have pH:
(a) zero
(b) less than 7 ✔
(c) greater than 7
(d) greater than 14

34. Which one of these is a basic salt?
(a) NH₄Cl₂
(b) Na₂HSO₄
(c) CH₃COONa ✔
(d) KCl

35. Which one of these has pH more than 7?
(a) Acidic Salts
(b) Basic Salts ✔
(c) Neutral Salts
(d) None of these

36. These salts are formed by the complete neutralization of a strong base and strong acid.
(a) Acidic Salts
(b) Basic Salts
(c) Neutral Salts ✔
(d) None of these

37. Which one of the following is NOT a neutral salt?
(a) NaCl
(b) K₂SO₄
(c) NaNO₃
(d) K₂CO₃ ✔

38. Neutral salt solutions have pH:
(a) 7 ✔
(b) less than 7
(c) greater than 7
(d) 0

39. Most of the chemical fertilizers used in agriculture by farmers are:
(a) acids
(b) bases
(c) salts ✔
(d) metals

40. It is found in plaster of Paris which is used to make plaster casts for supporting broken bones.
(a) Na₂CO₃
(b) CaSO₄.2H₂O ✔
(c) CH₃COONa
(d) NaNO₃

41. Foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, eggs and grains are:
(a) acidic ✔
(b) alkaline
(c) neutral
(d) All of them

42. Natural fats, starch and sugar are:
(a) acidic
(b) alkaline
(c) neutral ✔
(d) All of them

43. Fruits, nuts, legumes and vegetables are:
(a) acidic
(b) alkaline ✔
(c) neutral
(d) All of them

Industrial Chemistry - Chemistry II - Chapter 8 - For Class X (2022 and Onward) - Notes By FAW Group (Happy Grammar School)

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Chapter 8: Industrial Chemistry
Notes By FAW Group (Happy Grammar School)

Prepared By Sir Waseem Ahmed Qureshi & Sir A. Rehman Turk
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