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Some Important Questions
From Book 2
Q.1: What are the main steps involved in the preparation of program? Define each step? OR What are the steps required to solve a problem?
STAGES OR STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF PROGRAM OR
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT OR
TO SOLVE PROBLEM
Ans: The preparation of program is a problem solving process and it consist of the following steps or stages.
1. Defining the problem
2. Analysis of the problem
3. Flowchart
4. Algorithm
5. Coding
6. Testing and debugging
7. Implementation
8. Documentation
1. Defining the problem:
In this stage we completely define the problem and the type of information, which is required to solve the problem. This steps achieve the following goals.
(i) Problem description
(ii) Determination of the objective
(iii) Analysis of the input data
(iv) Planning of output
2. Analysis of the problem:
The next stage is problem analysis. In this stage the system analyst focuses on input, which is related to collection, verification, classification and organization of the input data. At this stage the life and flow of data is also been decided into an entire system.
3. Flowchart:
The third stage is flowchart, which is a graphical illustration of sequence of the operations and task performed on the data, of what the computer is suppose to do. There are Two types of flow charts,
(i) Program flowchart: It defines the logic of flowchart and the complete execution of a program. It is divided into two types.
(a) Macro Flowchart (b) Micro flowchart
(ii) System flowchart: It describes the movement of data in the whole system.
4. Algorithm:
This is the fourth stage, in which a series of procedural steps required to solve the problem. An Algorithm usually written in ordinary English language and use the mathematical symbols, if required. Algorithm makes coding easier and faster as all the steps and logics are written clearly.
5. Coding:
Once the algorithm has been written it is translated into corresponding statements in an appropriate programming language by the programmer. This process is called Coding, which produce a computer-based solution of a problem in the form of computer program.
6. Testing and debugging:
The nest stage that comes after the preparation and before the implementation is the determination of performance and efficiency of the program according to the requirement of the problem definition. At this stage program is tested. A set of input is given to that program and the output is analyzed.
If the output is not according to the expectation, this means that program contains some Bugs (errors). The process of Elimination of bugs is called Debugging. There are three types of errors those occur in a computer programme.
(a) syntax error (b) logical error and (c) runtime error
7. Implementation:
After successful completion of testing and debugging stage, the program is adopted for implementation. In this stage real data is fed to the system. Processing and output system is critically monitored in order to ascertain its efficiency and accuracy. It has following major activities.
(a) Develop detailed programming specification.
(b) develop Test specification and test data.
(c) Write computer programs
(d) Test computer programs.
(e) User training
(f) System testing
(g) File conversion
(h) Change over to new system.
8. Documentation:
The Last phase of problem solving or program preparation is known as documentation. Documentation. is the process of collecting, organizing, and storing all the related information like flowchart, algorithm, coding sheets, manuals, etc. on the paper. There are following two types of documentation.
(a) Use documentation
(b) Technical documentation
2. Analysis of the problem
3. Flowchart
4. Algorithm
5. Coding
6. Testing and debugging
7. Implementation
8. Documentation
1. Defining the problem:
In this stage we completely define the problem and the type of information, which is required to solve the problem. This steps achieve the following goals.
(i) Problem description
(ii) Determination of the objective
(iii) Analysis of the input data
(iv) Planning of output
2. Analysis of the problem:
The next stage is problem analysis. In this stage the system analyst focuses on input, which is related to collection, verification, classification and organization of the input data. At this stage the life and flow of data is also been decided into an entire system.
3. Flowchart:
The third stage is flowchart, which is a graphical illustration of sequence of the operations and task performed on the data, of what the computer is suppose to do. There are Two types of flow charts,
(i) Program flowchart: It defines the logic of flowchart and the complete execution of a program. It is divided into two types.
(a) Macro Flowchart (b) Micro flowchart
(ii) System flowchart: It describes the movement of data in the whole system.
4. Algorithm:
This is the fourth stage, in which a series of procedural steps required to solve the problem. An Algorithm usually written in ordinary English language and use the mathematical symbols, if required. Algorithm makes coding easier and faster as all the steps and logics are written clearly.
5. Coding:
Once the algorithm has been written it is translated into corresponding statements in an appropriate programming language by the programmer. This process is called Coding, which produce a computer-based solution of a problem in the form of computer program.
6. Testing and debugging:
The nest stage that comes after the preparation and before the implementation is the determination of performance and efficiency of the program according to the requirement of the problem definition. At this stage program is tested. A set of input is given to that program and the output is analyzed.
If the output is not according to the expectation, this means that program contains some Bugs (errors). The process of Elimination of bugs is called Debugging. There are three types of errors those occur in a computer programme.
(a) syntax error (b) logical error and (c) runtime error
7. Implementation:
After successful completion of testing and debugging stage, the program is adopted for implementation. In this stage real data is fed to the system. Processing and output system is critically monitored in order to ascertain its efficiency and accuracy. It has following major activities.
(a) Develop detailed programming specification.
(b) develop Test specification and test data.
(c) Write computer programs
(d) Test computer programs.
(e) User training
(f) System testing
(g) File conversion
(h) Change over to new system.
8. Documentation:
The Last phase of problem solving or program preparation is known as documentation. Documentation. is the process of collecting, organizing, and storing all the related information like flowchart, algorithm, coding sheets, manuals, etc. on the paper. There are following two types of documentation.
(a) Use documentation
(b) Technical documentation
Loops and its type
Q.2: Define Loops and its type?Ans. Loops:
Loops are the way through which we can cause a statement or group of statements to be repeated for a define number of lines.
Types Of loops:
There are two type of loops
- Iterative loop: An iterative loop can be created when the number of repetitions (iterations) are known in advance. In BASIC, FOR...NEXT staement is used for this purpose.
- Conditional loop: The loop in which the number of reprtitions to be performed are not known in advance i.e. they depend on some condition (s) to be met, such kind of loops are called conditional loops. In BASIC, WHILE...WEND statements is used for creating conditional loops.
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