PREPOSITIONS
DEFINITION:-
The word Preposition means 'that which is placed before'."A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
Example:
- There is a cow in the field.
In above sentence, the word 'in' show a the relation between two things cow and field.
(the Preposition joins a Noun to another Noun) - He is fond of tea.
In above sentence, the word ‘of’ shows the relation between the attribute expressed by the adjective fond and tea.
(the Preposition joins a Noun to an Adjective) - The cat jumped off the chair.
In above sentence, the word off shows the relation between the action expressed by the verb jumped and the chair.
(the Preposition joins a Noun to a Verb.)
RULES:
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION:The Noun or Pronoun which is used with a Preposition is called its Object. It is in the Accusative case and is said to be governed by the Preposition.
Thus, in example 1: There is a cow in the field.
The noun field is in the Accusative case, governed by the Preposition in.
A Preposition may have two or more objects; as,
Example: The road runs over hill and plain.
A Preposition is usually placed before its object, but sometimes it follows it; as,
- Here is the watch that you asked for.
- That is the boy (whom) I was speaking of.
- What are you looking at?
- What are you thinking of?
- Which of these chairs did you sit on?
Points To Remember:
- When the object is the Relative Pronoun 'that', the Preposition is always placed at the end (as shown in example in).
- The Preposition is often placed at the end when the object is an interrogative pronoun (as shown in example 3, 4 and 5) or a Relative pronoun understood (as shown in example 2).
- Sometimes the object is placed first for the sake of emphasis; as,
* This I insist on.
* He is known all the world over. - The Prepositions for, from, in, on are often omitted before nouns of place or time; as,
* We did it last week.
* I cannot walk a yard.
* Wait a minute.
KINDS OF PREPOSITION:
Prepositions may be arranged in the following classes:-- Simple Preposition
- Compound Preposition
- Phrase Preposition
- Participial Preposition
- Adverb As Preposition
1) Simple Prepositions:
Examples: At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.
Use of Simple preposition:
1. By:
- By cheque
- By credit card
- By mistake
- By accident
- By chance
- By boat
- By bus
- By plane
- By rail
- By sea
- By coach
- By air
2. In
- In cash
- In advance
- In general
- In my opinion
- In a taxi
- In a car
- In a helicopter
- In the classroom
- In the kitchen
- In the library
- In a hurry
- In a play
3. On
- On holiday
- On business
- on a journey
- On a trip
- On a tour
- On TV
- On the phone
- On the internet
- On the radio
- On the market
- On the whole
- On the train
4. For:
- Wait for
- Apply for
- Ask for
- Pay for
- Look For
5. At:
- Smile at
- Look at
- Good at
- Point at
- Arrive at
6. To:
- Talk to
- Speak to
- Listen to
- Agree to
- Go to
7. From:
- Recover from
- Hide from
- Suffer from
- Save from
- Make From
Simple Preposition For Time:
1. At:
- At 3:00 am
- At breakfast
- At the moment
- At that time
- At night
- At noon
- At dinner
- At Easter
- At midnight
- At midday
- At Christmas
- At 6 O'clock
2. In
- In 2004
- In July
- In the 21st century
- In the summer
- In the autumn
- In the spring
- In the afternoon
- In an hour
- In the past
- In five minutes
- In the future
- In the winter
3. On
- On Tuesday
- On July 30
- On independence
- On Friday
- On he weekend
- On time
- On a cold day
- On a warm day
- On an autumn
- On your birthday
- On Christmas eve
2) Compound Prepositions:
which are generally formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually a = no or be = by) to a (Noun, an Adjective or an Adverb.)
Example: About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.
3) Phrase Prepositions:
Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.
Example:
- according to
* He acted according to my instructions. - agreeably to
* Agreeably to the terms of the settlement, we herewith enclose our cheque for Rs. 1000. - along with
* Why don't you go along with your brother? - away from
- because of
* He could not attend school because of his father's serious illness. - by dint of
* He succeeded by dint of perseverance and sheer hard work. - by means of
* By means of rope ladders they scaled the wall. - by reason of
* By reason of his perverse attitude, he estranged his best friends. - by virtue of
* By virtue of the power vested in me, I hereby order, etc. - by way of
* By way of introduction, he made some pertinent remarks. - conformably to
- for the sake of
* For the sake of their beliefs, the Puritans emigrated to America. - in accordance with
* In accordance with your instructions, we have remitted the amount to bankers. - in addition to
- in (on) behalf of
* He died fighting on behalf of his country.
* On behalf of the staff he read the address. - in case of
* In case of need phone to No. 32567. - in comparison to
- in compliance with
- in consequence of
* In consequence of his illness he could not finish the work in time. - in course of
* In course of time he saw his mistake.
* In course of his researches he met with many difficulties. - in favour of
* He abdicated the throne in favour of his eldest son. - in front of
* There is a big tree in front of his house. - in lieu of
* He accepted the car in lieu of his claim for Rs. 1,25,000. - in order to
* In order to avoid litigation, he accepted Rs. 300 in full settlement of his claim for Rs. 450. - in place of
- in reference to
- in regard to
- in spite of
* He persevered in spite of difficulties. - instead of
* Instead of talking, prove your worth by doing something. - in the event of
* In the event of his dying without an issue, his nephew would inherit the property. - on account of
* On account of his negligence the company suffered a heavy loss. - owing to
* Owing to his ill health, he retired from business. - with a view to
* With a view to an amicable settlement, we offer you without prejudice R in full settlement of all your claims up-to-date. - with an eye to
* Whatever he does, he does with an eye to the main chance. - with reference to
* With reference to your letter of date, we regret we cannot allow any further rebate. - with regard to
4) Participial Prepositions:
Words which are present participles of verbs, are used absolutely without any noun or pronoun being attached to them. For all practical purposes, they have become Prepositions, and are sometimes distinguished as Participial Prepositions (also called Participle prepositions).
In other words, Participle (ending with '-ed' and '-ing') when function as preposition, they are called Participial Prepositions.
Examples:
- Barring (excepting, apart from)
* Barring accident, the mail will arrive tomorrow. - Concerning (about)
* Concerning yesterday's fire, there are many rumours in the bazar. - Considering (taking into account)
* Considering the quality, the price is not high. - During
* Ulysses is said to have invented the game of chess during the siege of Troy. - Notwithstanding (in spite of)
* Notwithstanding the resistance offered by him, he was arrested by the police. - Pending
* Pending further orders, Mr. Ted will act as Headmaster. - Regarding
* Regarding your inquiries, we regret to say that at present we are not interested in imitation silk. - Respecting
* Respecting the plan you mention. I shall write to you hereafter. - Touching (with regard to)
* Touching this matter, I have not as yet made up my mind.
5) Adverbs As Preposition:
Several words are used sometimes as Adverbs and sometimes as Prepositions. A word is a Preposition when it governs a noun or pronoun; it is an Adverb when it does not.
Examples
- Adverb: Go, and run about.
Preposition: Don't loiter about the street. - Adverb: I could not come before.
Preposition: I came the day before yesterday. - Adverb: Has he come in?
Preposition: Is he in his room? - Adverb: The wheel came off.
Preposition: The driver jumped off the car. - Adverb: Let us move on.
Preposition: The book lies on the table. - Adverb: His father arrived soon after.
Preposition: After a month he returned. - Adverb: Take this parcel over to the post-office.
Preposition: He rules over a vast empire. - Adverb: I have not seen him since.
Preposition: I have not slept since yesterday.
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