Geometrical Optics - MCQs, Fill in the blanks and Concept Map - Physics II - For Class X (Science Group)

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Unit 13: Geometrical Optics
Physics II
For Class X (Science Group)

SECTION A
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Choose the corretc answer from the following choices:
1. In a concave mirror, the image size depends upon:
a) Size of the object
b) Position of the object ✔
c) Area covered by the object
d) The shape of the object

2. In the normal human eye, the image is formed:
a) In front of the retina
b) Behind the retina
c) On the retina ✔
d) In between lens and retina

3. When a light ray enters from a denser medium to a rare medium, it bends:
a) Perpendicular to nonnal
b) Parallel to normal
c) Toward normal
d) Away from normal ✔

4. In a compound microscope, as compared to an objective the eyepiece lens has a focal length:
a) Zero
b) Negative
c) Small
d) Large ✔

5. When the angle of refraction is 90° and there refractive index for water is 1.33, the critical angle is:
a) 48.8° ✔
b) 49.1°
c) 50.0°
d) 51.0°

6. To view dim stars, we use:
a) Compound microscope
b) Simple microscope
c) Endoscope
d) Telescope ✔

7. The human eye acts like a:
a) Camera ✔
b) Projector
c) Telescope
d) Microscope

8. A magnifying glass forms an enlarged:
a) Real and upright image
b) Real and inverted
c) Virtual and upright image ✔
d) Virtual and inverted image

9. The entire light is reflected into the same denser medium. Which is called total:
a) External reflection
b) Internal reflection ✔
c) External refraction
d) Internal refraction

10. In the optic fiber the core is made of glass or plastic of relatively:
a) Zero refractive index
b) High refractive index ✔
c) Low refractive index
d) refractive index

11. A magnifying glass is also called:
a) Endoscope
b) Compound microscope
c) Simple microscope ✔
d) Telescope

12. The defect in which the image is formed beyond the retina is called:
a) Long-sightedness ✔
b) Short-sightednest
c) Blind spotting
d) Image defect

13. The short-sightedness can be corrected by using:
a) Convex glasses ✔
b) Convex mirror
c) Concave mirror
d) Convex glasses

14. Lenses form images through:
a) Dispersion
b) Refraction ✔
c) Diffraction
d) Reflection

15. To illuminate the inaccessible places in the tooth, dentists use:
a) Concave mirror ✔
b) Convex mirror
c) Convex lens
d) Concave lens

More Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

16. Tick the correct mirror equation:
a) 1/p = 1/f + 1/q
b) 1/q = 1/f + 1/p
c) 1/f = 1/q + 1/p ✔
d) 1/f = 1/q - 1/p

17. Which statement is correct?
a) A concave mirror has a positive focal length, while a convex mirror has a negative focal length. ✔
b) A concave mirror has a negative focal length, while a convex mirror has a positive focal length.
c) A concave mirror and a convex mirror, both have negative focal lengths.
d) A concave mirror and a convex mirror, both have positive focal lengths.

18. They are often used as rear-view mirrors or wing mirrors in vehicles, also called driver mirrors.
a) Concave mirrors
b) Convex mirrors ✔
c) Concave lenses
d) Convex lenses

19. A ray of light perpendicular to the glass slab or along the normal is:
a) refracted
b) not refracted ✔
c) sometimes refracted
d) It depends on medium

20. A ray of light incident at an angle to the normal bends towards the normal when it enters into an optically:
a) denser medium ✔
b) less dense medium
c) glass to air
d) Both 'a' & 'c'

21. A ray of light bench away from the normal when it enters an optically:
a) less dense medium
b) glass to air
c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✔
d) None of them

22. The ratio of the sine angle of incidence to the sine angle of refraction gives us a constant called the:
a) angle of incidence
b) angle of reflection
c) angle of refraction
d) refractive index of the medium ✔

23. Refraction of light is caused by a change in speed, at the interface of two different mediums:
a) the wavelength of the ray changes while the frequency of light does not change ✔
b) frequency of the ray changes while the wavelength of light does not change
c) wavelength and frequency of the ray remain unchanged
d) Both, wavelength and frequency change

24. For refractive index:
a) n = c + v
b) n = cv
c) n = c/v ✔
d) n = v/c

25. Which one of these has the largest refractive index?
a) Ice
b) Diamond ✔
c) Glass
d) Water

26. The angle of incidence that causes the refracted ray in the rarer medium to bend through 90° is called the:
a) angle of incidence
b) angle of refraction
c) angle of reflection
d) critical angle ✔

27. An optical fiber comprises:
a) two parts ✔
b) three parts
c) four parts
d) five parts

28. The inner port 'core' of an optical fibre is coated with another material called "cladding" which has:
a) zero refractive index
b) high refractive index
c) low refractive index ✔
d) no refractive index

29. The reciprocal of a lens focal length is called:
a) refractive index
b) power of the lens ✔
c) critical angle
d) None of t them

30. The power of a lens is measured in:
a) meter
b) (meter)²
c) (meter)^-2
d) (meter)^-1 ✔

31. The SI unit of power of a lens is:
a) meter^-1
b) watts
c) diopter ✔
d) Hertz

32. 1 diopter = ________:
a) 1 meter^-1 ✔
b) 1 meter^-2
c) 1 meter
d) 1 meters²

33. Which statement is correct?
a) The power of a convex lens is negative, and that of a concave lens is positive.
b) The power of a convex lens is positive, and that of a concave lens is negative. ✔
c) The power of both lenses is positive
d) The power of both lenses is negative

34. The nature, position, and size of the image formed by a convex lens depend on the position of the object about point/s:
a) 2F
b) F
c) C
d) All of them ✔

35. Magnification = ?
a) size of image + size of object
b) size of image x size of object
c) size of image / size of object ✔
d) size of object / size of image

36. The magnification of a compound microscope is given by:
a) 1 + 25 cm/f ✔
b) 1 + f/25 cm
c) 1 - 25 cm/f
d) 1 - f/25 cm

37. Scientists believe that a human with a normal eye and regular vision can see the tiniest objects as small as about:
a) 0.1 mm ✔
b) 0.1 cm
c) 0.1 m
d) 0.1 μm

38. In a telescope, as compared to an eye piece, the objective lens has a focal length:
a) zero
b) negative
c) small
d) large ✔

39. The magnification of a telescope is given by the formula:
a) f_e / f_o
b) f_o / f_e ✔
c) 1 + f_e / f_o
d) 1 + f_o / f_e

40. The human eye uses a convex lens system to form a:
a) real, upright, a small image of an object
b) virtual, inverted a small image of an object
c) real, inverted, a small image of an object ✔
d) virtual, upright, a small image of an object

41. In this eye defect, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not at the retina itself:
a) Short-sightedness ✔
b) Long-sightedness
c) Hyperopia
d) Both 'a' & 'c'

42. The long-sightedness can be corrected by using:
a) convex glasses ✔
b) convex mirror
c) concave mirror
d) concave glasses

43. The size of the image is always smaller than the object in:
a) convex mirror ✔
b) concave mirror
c) silver mirror
d) plane mirror

44. For a diverging lens the focal length is:
a) positive
b) negative ✔
c) zero
d) constant

45. The quantity which does not change during refraction is:
a) direction
b) speed
c) frequency ✔
d) wavelength

46. One of the angles of a right-angled prism is:
a) 30°
b) 45°
c) 90° ✔
d) 60°

47. Concave lens is also called:
a) diverging lens ✔
b) converging lens
c) magnifying glass
d) none of above

48. Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its:
a) focal length in meters ✔
b) principal axis
c) optical center
d) pole

49. The focus lies behind the mirror in:
a) convex mirror ✔
b) concave mirror
c) plane mirror
d) None of them

50. In a compound microscope, the focal length of the objective lens is:
a) short ✔
b) large
c) zero
d) None of above

51. A magnifying glass forms:
a) real image
b) inverted image
c) virtual image ✔
d) None of them

52. A spherical mirror whose inner curved surface is reflecting is called:
a) plane mirror
b) convex mirror
c) concave mirror ✔
d) All of them

53. A compound microscope uses:
a) 2 lenses ✔
b) 1 lens
c) 4 lenses
d) 5 lenses

54. The angle of reflection and the angle of reflection are:
a) both positive
b) not equal
c) equal ✔
d) opposite

55. The inner part of the fibre optics which carries light is called:
a) prism
b) cladding
c) core ✔
d) diopters

56. The convex lens becomes a magnifying glass when:
a) an object is placed inside the lens's focal length ✔
b) an object is placed at a focal length
c) an object is placed behind focal length
d) object is placed inverted in front of the lens

57. The ciliary muscles of the eye control the:
a) lens movement
b) lens curvature and focal length ✔
c) pupil
d) retina

58. When the angle of incidence becomes larger than the critical angle, then:
a) refraction occurs
b) reflection occurs
c) dispersion occurs
d) no refraction occurs ✔

59. The outer concentric shell of the fibre optics is called:
a) diopters
b) core
c) prism
d) cladding ✔

60. The ability to distinguish between two closely placed objects or point sources is called an instrument:
a) reflecting power
b) resolving power ✔
c) optical power
d) refractive index

61. In the photograph enlarger, the object is placed:
a) between F and 2F ✔
b) beyond 2F
c) at F
d) less than F

62. The angle of incidence that causes the refracted ray to bend through 90° is called:
a) acute angle
b) obtuse angle
c) right angle
d) critical angle ✔

63. In the camera the distance between lens and film is fixed and is equal to:
a) p
b) q
c) focal length ✔
d) principal axis

FILL IN THE BLANKS

• A highly polished surface reflects the light.
• The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal to the reflecting surface all lie in the same plane. This phenomenon is called the first law of reflection.
• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (i.e., ∠i = ∠r). This is the second law of reflection.
• Some uses of a convex mirror are sunglasses, rearview mirrors, and shaving mirrors.
• Some applications of concave mirrors are reflectors, converging of light, and solar cookers.
• The driver uses concave or rearview mirrors to view an upright, smaller, and full vehicle image.
• The dentist uses a concave mirror to see the tooth is larger and if there is any infection or germ attack.
• A ray of light incident at an angle to the normal bends towards the normal when it enters an optically denser medium.
• A ray of light bends away from the normal when it enters a rear medium.
• The angle of incidence that causes the refracted ray in the rarer medium to bend through 90° is called the critical angle.
• If the angle of incidence in the denser material is beyond the critical angle, the entire light is reflected into the same denser medium is called total internal reflection.
• Optical fibers are an important application that works on total internal reflection.
• Convex lenses are used to converge the light.
• Concave lenses are used to diverge the light.
• The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length.
• The magnifying glass uses a convex lens to produce an upright and magnified image to see the tiny object.
• The camera uses a convex lens to reproduce a small, inverted, and small image on photographic film.
• The projector uses a convex lens as a projection lens and pair of condenser lenses to produce a large, inverted, and real image on a screen
• The photographic enlarger uses a convex lens to produce an inverted, real and enlarged image of the film on a photo paper.
• The resolving power of an optical instrument is a measure of the ability to form separable images of close objects or to separate close wavelengths of radiation.
• The magnifying power of an optical instrument is the ratio between the apparent size of an object and its true size.
• The compound microscope is an optical instrument that uses two convex lenses, used to investigate the structure of the tiniest objects.
• The telescope is also an optical instrument that is used to form magnified images of distant objects.
• The human eye is a light-sensitive sense organ.
• The short-sight person can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects distinctly.
• The short-sight defect can be corrected by placing a concave lens or contact of appropriate power in front of the eye.
• The long-sight person can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly.
• The long-sight defect can be corrected by placing a convex lens or contact of appropriate power in front of the eye.

CONCEPT MAP

Nuclear Structure - Physics For Class X (Science Group) - MCQs, Fill in the blanks and Concept Map

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Unit 20: Nuclear Structure
Physics For Class X (Science Group)

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Choose the correct answer from the following choices:
1. The 𝛂-radiation is:
a) a stream of fast-moving electrons
b) a form of electromagnetic radiation
c) highly ionizing than 𝛄-radiation ✔
d) more penetrating than 𝛃-radiation

2. A radioactive nuclide emits 𝛃-particle. The atomic number (proton number) of the nucleus:
a) stays the same ✔
b) increases by 1
c) decreases by 2
d) decreases by 4

3. A radioactive element emits a particle from the nucleus of one of its atoms. The particle comprises two protons and two neutrons. The name of this process is called:
a) 𝛂-emission ✔
b) 𝛃-emission
c) 𝛄-emission
d) nuclear fission

4. A radioactive decay can be represented as shown. ₉₁Pa²³³ → ₉₁U²³³ + ..... The emitted particle is a/an:
a) gamma-ray
b) proton
c) 𝛂-particle
d) 𝛃-particle ✔

5. The type of radiation that travels in a straight line across an electric field is a/an:
a) proton
b) electron
c) alpha particle
d) gamma-ray ✔

6. A powder contains 100 mg of a radioactive material that emits 𝛂-particles. The half-life of the isotope is five days. The mass of isotope that remains after ten days will be:
a) 0 mg
b) 25 mg ✔
c) 50 mg
d) 75 mg

7. The main source of energy in the stars is:
a) chemical reaction
b) nuclear fission
c) nuclear fusion ✔
d) mechanical energy

8. The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei is called:
a) fusion
b) fission ✔
c) half-life
d) gamma decay

9. A process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus is called:
a) nuclear fusion ✔
b) nuclear fission
c) beta-decay

d) alpha-decay

10. Which row shows the nature and the penetrating ability of 𝛃-particles?

	Nature	Most Are Stopped By
a	helium nucleus	a few mm of aluminum
b	helium nucleus	a thin sheet of paper
c	electron	a few mm of aluminum ✔
d	electron	a thin sheet of paper

11. Compared with 𝛂-particles and 𝛃-particles, 𝛄-rays:
a) are a type of radiation to carry a charge
b) have the most significant ionizing effect
c) have the most significant penetrating effect ✔
d) have the most negligible mass

12. The severe health hazards caused by radioactive emissions is/are:
a) cancer
b) genetic change
c) deep-sited burns
d) All of these ✔

13. Radioactive materials should be handled carefully. Which safety measure does not reduce the risk of using radioactive material?
a) Keeping the material along a distance
b) Keeping the material at a low temperature ✔
c) Using lead screening
d) Using the material for a short time

14. A scientist experiments using a sealed source that emits 𝛃-particles. The range of the 𝛃-particles in the air is about 30 cm. The precaution that is the most effective to protect the scientist from radiation is:
a) handling the source with long tongs ✔
b) keeping the temperature of the source low
c) opening all windows in the laboratory
d) washing his hands before leaving the laboratory

15. The safest way to dispose of a large quantity of radioactive waste is:
a) burying it in a dry rock deep underground ✔
b) washing it in the drain
c) burning it on a fire
d) draining it into the sea

16. Nuclei join the nucleons through another specific:
a) electrostatic force
b) binding energy ✔
c) magnetic force
d) covalent bond

17. The emission of these radiations with the release of energy is known as radioactivity.
a) 𝛂 & 𝛃
b) 𝛂 & 𝛄
c) 𝛃 & 𝛄
d) 𝛂, 𝛃 & 𝛄 ✔

18. In the graph of unstable nuclei, stable isotopes lie:
a) along with the stability line ✔
b) above the stability line
c) below the stability line
d) None of these

19. Isotopes above the stability line have:
a) too many protons to be stable
b) too many neutrons to be stable ✔
c) few protons to be stable
d) few neutrons to be stable

20. The decay for this emission reduces the number of neutrons.
a) 𝛂
b) 𝛃+ (positron)
c) 𝛃- (electrons ✔
d) 𝛄

21. Isotopes below the line of stability:
a) too many protons to be stable
b) too many neutrons to be stable
c) few protons to be stable
d) few neutrons to be stable ✔

22. The decay for these emissions increases the number of neutrons.
a) 𝛂
b) 𝛃+ (positron) ✔
c) 𝛃- (electrons
d) 𝛄

23. The heaviest isotopes (proton number, Z > 83) decay by emissions.
a) 𝛂 ✔
b) 𝛃+ (positron)
c) 𝛃- (electrons
d) 𝛄

24. If the radioactive source is placed inside the electric field, 𝛂-particles are deflected towards a:
a) positive plate
b) negative plate ✔
c) does not change direction
d) None of these

25. If the radioactive source is placed inside the electric field, this radiation does not change its direction.
a) 𝛂
b) 𝛃+ (positron)
c) 𝛃- (electrons
d) 𝛄 ✔

26. 𝛃 particles have:
a) positive charge
b) negative charge ✔
c) no charge
d) None of these

27. 𝛃 particles are _______ than/to 𝛂 particles.
a) much lighter ✔
b) much heavier
c) equal
d) None of these

28. They carry no electric charge.
a) 𝛂 particles
b) 𝛃 particles
c) 𝛄 rays ✔
d) All of them

29. 𝛂 particle is a:
a) hydrogen nucleus
b) helium nucleus ✔
c) carbon nucleus
d) nitrogen nucleus

30. 𝛂-particles has a charge of:
a) -e
b) +e
c) -2e
d) +2e ✔

31. Beta radiation is a streamlet of high-energy:
a) helium nucleus
b) hydrogen nucleus
c) electrons ✔
d) electromagnetic radiations

32. Gamma radiations are:
a) helium nucleus
b) hydrogen nucleus
c) electrons
d) photons ✔

33. When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become:
a) ions ✔
b) molecules
c) compounds
d) helium nucleus

34. Ions are:
a) charged atoms
b) charged molecules
c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✔
d) None of them

35. Which one of these particles has the shortest penetrating ability?
a) 𝛂 ✔
b) 𝛃
c) 𝛄
d) photon

36. High penetrating power of gamma rays is due to their:
a) high speed
b) neutral nature
c) Both 'a' & 'b' ✔
d) None of these

37. In the core of the sun hydrogen is being converted into helium. ThiS is called:
a) nuclear fission
b) nuclear fusion ✔
c) ionization
d) disintegration

38. In the core of the sun hydrogen is being converted into helium. It takes _____ hydrogen atoms to fuse into each helium atom.
a) two
b) three
c) four ✔
d) five

39. In alpha decay, the proton number or atomic number, Z of the parent nuclide reduces by _____, while its atomic mass or nucleon number A, decreases b:
a) 0, 1
b) 1, 0
c) 4, 2
d) 2, 4 ✔

40. A radioactive decay can be represented as shown. ₈₈Ra²²⁶ → ₈₈Rn²²² + ..... The emitted particle is a/an:
a) gamma-ray
b) proton
c) 𝛂-particle ✔
d) 𝛃-particle

41. A radioactive decay can be represented as shown. ₆C¹⁴ → ₇N¹⁴ + ..... The emitted particle is a/an:
a) gamma-ray
b) 𝛃+ particle
c) 𝛂-particle
d) 𝛃-particle ✔

42. The rate of radioactive decay is proportional to the:
a) number of atoms present
b) number of nuclei present
c) number of unstable nuclei present ✔
d) Both 'a' & 'b'

43. To check thyroid function, a patient drinks a liquid containing radio:
a) iodine-131 ✔
b) phosphorous-32
c) carbon-14
d) cobalt-60

44. For the diagnosis of brain tumors, the _____ isotope is used.
a) iodine-131
b) phosphorous-32 ✔
c) carbon-14
d) cobalt-60

45. In radiosurgery, a strong gamma emitter _____ is used.
a) iodine-131
b) phosphorous-32
c) carbon-14
d) cobalt-60 ✔

46. ₁H² + ₁H³ → ₂He⁴ + ₀n¹ + energy.
This reaction is an example of:
a) nuclear fusion ✔
b) nuclear fission
c) radioisotopes
d) 𝛂-radiations

47. The dangerous from these particles is minimal.
a) 𝛂 ✔
b) 𝛃
c) 𝛄
d) None of these

48. It is the most dangerous of all other radioactive radiations.
a) 𝛂
b) 𝛃
c) 𝛄 ✔
d) None of these
49. The number of neutrons in the uranium nucleus will be:
a) 92
b) 143
c) 235
d) varies with isotopes ✔

50. During nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium:
a) energy is absorbed
b) energy is released ✔
c) mass is increased
d) mass is reduced

51. A particle having the mass of an electron and the charge of a proton is called a:
a) boson
b) positron
c) helium nucleus ✔
d) photon

52. An alpha particle is emitted from ₈₈Ra²²⁶. What are the mass and an atomic number of the daughter nucleus?
a) ₈₂X²²⁰
b) ₈₄X²²⁴
c) ₈₆X²²² ✔
d) ₈₇X²²⁶

53. In each nuclear fission, a few neutrons are emitted. These neutrons can trigger further nuclei to undergo self-sustained fission reaction that is known as:
a) chemical reaction
b) nuclear fusion
c) nuclear fission
d) chain reaction ✔

54. Various types of cancer are treated by:
a) iodine-131
b) phosphorous-32
c) carbon-14
d) cobalt-60 ✔

55. Radioactivity is:
a) irreversible process
b) self-disintegration process
c) spontaneous
d) All of the above ✔

56. 𝛄-rays are deflected by:
a) an electric field but not by a magnetic field
b) a magnetic field but not by an electric field
c) both electric and magnetic field
d) neither by electric field nor by a magnetic field ✔

57. In 𝛄-ray emission from a nucleus:
a) only the proton number changes
b) both the neutron number and the proton number change
c) there is no change in the proton number and the neutron number ✔
d) only the neutron number changes

58. Half-life of a radioactive element depends upon:
a) amount of element present
b) temperature
c) pressure
d) nature of element ✔

59. A nuclear reaction is given by:
a) fission
b) 𝛃-decay ✔
c) σ-decay
d) fusion

Fill In The Blanks

1. The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
2. Radio-isotope is an isotope that undergoes radioactive decay.
3. Radioactivity is the emission of radioactive radiation elements with the release of energy.
4. The 𝛂 and 𝛃-radiations are affected by an electric field and a magnetic field.
5. Ionization is a phenomenon by which radiations split matter into positive and negative ions.
6. The alpha particle has the shortest penetrating ability.
7. The gamma rays are very penetrating, stopped through lead and thick concrete.
8. Penetrating power is the strength of radiations to penetrate a specific material.
9. Nuclear transmutation is converting one chemical element into another element.
10. In alpha decay, the proton number of the parent nuclide reduces by 2, and its atomic mass decreases by 4.
11. In beta decay, the proton number of the parent nuclide increases by 1, and its atomic mass remains unchanged.
12. Background radiations are natural radiations that come from the surroundings.
13. Spontaneous decay is a process that environmental factors cannot influence.
14. A random decay is a process in which the exact time of decay of a nucleus cannot be predicted.
15. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time taken for half of the nuclei present in any given sample to decay.
16. Radioactive dating is when an objects approximate age is determined using radioactive nuclides.
17. A Radioactive tracers monitor the metabolism of chemical reactions inside living objects.
18. Nuclear fission is a process in which a heavy nucleus absorbs a slow neutron split into two smaller nuclei with the release of energy.
19. Nuclear fusion is a process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

Concept Map

Physics II (For Class X - Science Group) -Solved Numerical - 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Physics II
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Solved Numericals

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Unit 20: Nuclear Structure - Important Questions And Answers 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Physics For Class X
Unit 20: Nuclear Structure
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Unit 19: Atomic Structure - Important Questions And Answers 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Unit 19: Atomic Structure
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Unit 18: Information and Communication Technology ICT - Important Questions And Answers 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Unit 17: Introductory Electronics - Important Questions And Answers 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Unit 16: Electromagnetism - Important Questions And Answers 2024 By Sir Wasim Ahmad

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Geometrical Optics - Questions And Answers - Physics II - For Class X (Science Group)

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Unit 13: Geometrical Optics
Physics II
For Class X (Science Group)
Question & Answers

Q.3: Draw ray diagram for the image formation by a concave mirror. Also state their characteristics?
Ans: IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR:
The ray diagram illustrate the formation of images by a concave mirror for various position of the object.
1. Position of object: When Object is Placed at Infinity.
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Position of image: Image is formed at the focus F (Focal Length)
• Size of image: Highly diminished, point sized
• Nature: Real and inverted

Ray Diagram:

2. Position of object: When Object is Placed Beyond C (The Center of Curvature).
CHARACTERISTICS

• Position of image: Image is formed between F and C.
• Size of image: Diminished
• Nature: Real and inverted

Ray Diagram:

3. Position of object: When Object is Placed At C
CHARACTERISTICS

• Position of image: Image is formed at C
• Size of image: Same size
• Nature: Real and inverted

Ray Diagram:

4. Position of object: When Object is Placed between C and F
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Position of image: Image is formed beyond C
• Size of image: Enlarged
• Nature: Real and inverted

Ray Diagram:

5. Position of object: When Object is Placed at F
CHARACTERISTICS:

• Position of image: Image is formed at infinity
• Size of image: Highly enlarged
• Nature: Real and inverted

Ray Diagram:

6. Position of object: When Object is Placed between P (Optical center) and F
CHARACTERISTICS

• Position of image: Image is formed behind the mirror.
• Size of image: Enlarged
• Nature: Virtual and errect.

Ray Diagram:

• MN is a surface of concave mirror.
• C = Center of curvature
• F = Focal length
• P = Optical center
• AB = Object
• A'B' = Image

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Notes By Sir Wasim Ahmad