Biology For Class X - Chapter No. 4 - Support And Movement - Review Text Book Exercise

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CHAPTER 4: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
Review Text Book Exercise

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer:

i) Irritation caused by stimulus is the main cause of:
(a) Tropism
(b) Movement ✓
(c) Locomotion
(d) Arthritis

ii) The frame work which gives shape to any structure called:
(a) Architecture
(b) Bone
(c) Cartilage
(d) Skeleton ✓

iii) The cartilage are made up of cells called:
(a) Osteoclast
(b) Osteocytis
(c) Chondrocytes ✓
(d) Chaonocytes

iv) The head of femur attached with:
(a) Pelvic girdles
(b) Pectoral girdle
(c) Scapula
(d) Acetabulum of pelvic gridles ✓

v) The large muscles of arm is:
 (a) Bicep
(b) Tricep ✓
(c) Tetracep
(d) Pentacep
(Note: although both are large but tricep is the largest because it is three headed or origin. Further confirm from your class teacher)

vi) The band of tough, fibrous, connective tissue which are attached to bone at joints called:
(a) Ligament
(b) Tendon ✓
(c) Bicep
(d) Tricep

vii) Softening and weakening of bone in children due to deficiency of vitamin D called:
(a)Osteoporosis
(b) Osteoarthritis
(c) Rickets ✓
(d) Rheumatic fever

viii) The muscle which is responsible to straighten the limb is:
(a) Ligament
(b) Skeleton muscle
(c) Flexor
(d) Extensor ✓

ix) The pair of muscle where both work in opposite direction.
(a) Antagonist ✓
(b) Cardiac
(c) Smooth
(d) Abductor

By Mrs. Ayesha Arif
Vice Principal
(Jauhar Progressive School)

B. SHORT QUESTIONS
i) What are the main functions of skeleton?
Ans: FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON:

1. Shape:
   Provide shape to organs.
   
   
2. Support:
   Provide support to organs during movement.
   
   
3. Protection:
   Provide protection to soft, vital organs.
   
   

ii) Distinguish between bone and cartilage.

S.NO.	Cartilage	Bones
1.	Type of skeleton which is flexible.	Type of skeleton which is harder.
2.	It is made up of cells called chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of protein called collagen.	It is made up of cell called osteocytes embedded in a matrix of protein called collagen.
3.	It is much softer than bones as well as flexible.	It is harder due to the deposition of calcium phosphate, process is called calcification.
4.	Calcification does not takes place.	Calcification takes place.
5.	It covers ends of the bones and joints.	It support the organ consists of an outer shell of compact bone.
6.	No blood vessel penetrate into cartilage.	Blood vessels can penetrate into bone especially in spongy bones.

iii) Locate the cartilages in different organs.
Ans: Cartilage is an important structural components of body. It is a firm tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone. Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body including:

• Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles
• Ends of the ribs
• Between the vertebrae in the spine
• Ears (External pinna) and nose
• Bronchial tubes or airways (Larynx, trachea and bronchi of respiratory system).

iv) Enlist the name and number of bones present in hind limb.
Ans: Bones In Hind Limb (Leg):
The number of bones present in the hind limb of humans are altogether 30. Which are as follows:

• Femur (thigh bone – the longest bone) (1),
• Tibia (1) + Patella (1)
• Fibula (1)
• Tarsals (ankle bones – 7 in number),
• Metatarsals (5 in number)
• Phalanges (digits – 14 in number).

v) Locate the immovable joints in the human body.
Ans: Joints where bones are fixed tightly like puzzle pieces and do not allow and do not allow movement are called immovable joints or fixed joint or synarthroses. They include:

• Skull sutures i.e. 8 bones of skull
• The articulations between the teeth and the mandible
• The joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.
• 3 bones of pelvic girdle

vi) Draw neat and labeled diagram of hinge joint and ball and socket joint.
Ans: Labelled Diagram Of Hinge Joint

KNEE JOINT

ELBOW JOINT

Labelled Diagram Of Ball And Socket Joint

OR

HIP JOINT

vii) What is Rickets? Give its causes.
Ans: Rickets:
Rickets is a skeletal disorder which is most common in children. It results in bowed legs and deformed pelvis. It includes the softening and weakening of bones.
Causes:
It is caused by deficiency of calcium in diet or extremely prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays vital role in the absorption of Ca⁺⁺, deficiency of vitamin D leads to deficiency of Ca⁺⁺ in bone.

viii) Distinguish between ligament and tendon.
Ans: Difference Between Ligament And Tendon:

S.NO.	Tendons	Ligaments
1.	A tendon is a tough fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.	A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone in a body.
2.	Tough and less or inelastic.	Strong and elastic.
3.	Connects the end of the muscles to bones.	Connects the end of the bones at joints.
4.	Each muscle contains only one tendon.	Each joint contains many ligaments.
5.	White in colour.	Yellow in colour.
6.	Blood supply is poor.	Blood supply is just as poor.
7.	Fibroblasts lie in a continuous row.	Fibroblasts are scattered.
8.	The fibres are compact and present in parallel bundles.	They are not arranged in parallel bundles but are compactly packed.
9.	No such classification.	They are classified into three types, namely: Articular ligaments, Remnant ligaments and Peritoneal ligaments.

ix) Locate hinge joint in the body of human? and also describe its movement?
Ans: Location Of Hinge Joint
The hinge joints of the body include:

• The elbow (the joint between humerus and ulna),
• Knee,
• Joints of fingers (Phalanges) of the hand and foot

Movement Of Hinge Joint:
The joints that allow the movement in one plane only i.e. in two direction, move back and forth like a hinge on a door are called hinge joint.

x) What do you mean by bicep and triceps muscles?
Ans: The biceps and triceps are two major muscle groups of our arm that play a significant role in the movement.

BICEP MUSCLES:
The bicep muscle is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow. It has two heads or origin. The biceps are the flexor muscles.

Function:
Flexon: When the biceps muscle contracts it pulls upon the radius bone of lower arm, which bend the arm at elbow, this bending process is called flexon.

TRICEP MUSCLES:
The tricep is also a large muscle on the back of arm. It is three headed or origin. The tricep is the extensor muscle.

Function:
when triceps muscle contracts it pull on the ulna which straightens or extends the arm. The straighten process is called extension.

Biceps & Triceps Are Antagonistic Muscles:
The pair of skeletal muscle which work against each other are called Antagonistic pair. The triceps serve as an antagonist, or opposing, muscle of the biceps. When the biceps contracts the triceps relaxes and vice versa.

More Short Question And Answers

xi) Define following terms?
Irritability, stimuli
Ans: Irritability:
The cells of an organism have a living material, protoplasm,which is sensitive, due to its sensitive nature it possess special property called irritability.

Stimuli:
The change in environment takes place due to some factors these factors are called stimulus (stimuli: p).

xii): Prove that skeleton provide support and movement?
Ans: Skeleton Provide Support and Movement:
Person Stand Straight:
Skeleton provides support to the body, especially limbs. i.e: Hind Limbs and pelvic girdle provide support to the human body to be a bipedal animal, with these limbs the complete vertebrae of vertebral column provide support to stand straight.

Cartilage Gives Support And Proper Shape To Organs As:

• Cartilage of external pinna and nose support the organs to make their proper shape.
• Cartilages also support larynx, trachea and bronchi of respiratory system.
• It forms tough pads which acts as shock absorbers found in knee joints and also form intervertebral discs between vertebrae of backbone.

xiii) Locate Ball and socket joint in the body of human? and also describe its movement?
Ans: Location Of Ball And Socket Joint
The ball and socket joints include:

• Hip joints and
• Shoulder joints

Movement Of Ball And Socket Joint:
This joint allows movement in all directions.
The ball of humerus and femur fit into the socket of pectoral and pelvic girdle respectively.

C. EXTENSIVE RESPONSE QUESTIONS
i) Prove that the skeletal system is s dynamic system?
Ans: The skeletal system is a dynamic system . it possesses the following qualities:

• It is made up of living tissues.
• It is capable of quick growth.
• It can adapt to stress and can repair itself after damage (injury).
• 5% to 10% of our bones dissolve away annually and are replaced by a new one. This process is called remodelling while in the growing age our bones enlarge with the growth of the body.
  The remodelling system allows a skeleton to alter the shape and size of skeleton in response to demands. e.g. the bones carry heavy loads or subjected to extreme stress become thicker to provide more strength and support. Normal stresses are major factors in maintaining bone strength. 

ii) Describe flexon and etension in human arm?
Ans: Flexon When the biceps muscle contracts it pulls upon the radius bone of lower arm, which bend the arm at elbow, this bending process is called flexon. Thus the biceps are the flexor muscle.

Extensions: On the other side when triceps muscle contracts it pull on the ulna which straightens or extends the arm. The straighten process is called extension. Thus the tricep is the extensor muscle.

iii) Explain disorders of bones and their causes?
Ans: Calcification In Bone:
The bones are hardened due to the deposition of calcium and phosphate. This process is called calcification.
Cause Of Bone Disorder:
Hypocalcemia:
If Ca⁺⁺ deficiency occurs in body or blood, ultimately it occurs in bones as well . This deficiency of Ca⁺⁺ in bone is called hypocalcemia known as  calcium deficiency disease.

Disease Or Disorder Of Bone:
A long term calcium deficiency can lead to dental weakness, osteoporosis, in childhood rickets.

Osteoporosis:
It is a disorder related to the aging process. In this condition the bones become porous or more spongy, thinner and weaker so that they become fragile, in this condition a slight injury break the bone. Osteoporosis is more common in female than male.

Ricket:
Rickets is a skeletal disorder which is most common in children. It results in bowed legs and deformed pelvis. It includes the softening and weakening of bones.
Causes:
It is caused by deficiency of calcium in diet or an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays vital role in the absorption of Ca⁺⁺, deficiency of vitamin D leads to deficiency of Ca⁺⁺ in bone. 

Joint Disease:
Arthritis:
It is the painful condition of joints due to swelling and tenderness of joint.
Symptoms:
The main symptom of arthritis are:

• Joint pain
• Tenderness and stiffness
• Inflammation in and around the joint
• Restricted movement of joint
• Warm red skin over the affected joint
• Trouble dressing, combing, gripping, bending over squatty or climbing stair.

Causes:
The following factors are the causes of arthritis.

• Injury
• Abnormal metabolism
• Infection
• Auto immune system
• Genetic makeup
• Reduction in the normal amount of cartilage or synovial fluid

Common Types:

Source: Special Thanks To Sir Syed Arif Ali