English Grammar - Auxilaries Or Helping

AUXILIARIES OR HELPING VERBS

There are two types of auxiliaries or helping verbs.

1. Primary auxiliaries or helping verbs:
   are also called Auxiliaries or helping verbs.
   
   
2. Modal auxiliaries or helping verbs:
   are also called Modal verbs.

(Primary) Auxiliaries or Helping Verbs

The verbs  (to be and to have and to do etc)  when used with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called primary auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries or helping verbs (Auxiliary = helping).
Auxiliary or helping verb helps the main verb to describe action ( in tense, mood or voice),  that action is happening in the present  or happened in the past or will happen in the future. 

Classification Of  Primary Auxiliaries Or Helping Verbs:

They are classified as  to be verbs or be (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being etc), to have and to do

• To be Verbs - (am, is ,are, was, were, be, been, being etc)
• To have Verbs - (has, have, had)
• Will / shall be Verbs - (will be, shall be)
• To do Verbs - (do, did, does)

To Be

The to be verbs are ( is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been).
A) The auxiliaries "Be" is used:

1. In the formation of continuous tenses (ongoing action).
   For example:
   (i) He is working.
   (ii) I was writing.
   
   
2. In the formation of the passive voice.
   For example:
   (i) The gate was opened.
   (ii) Chocolates were eaten by Alex.
   

To Have

The to have verbs are (has, have , had and will have etc)
A) The auxiliary have is used:

1. In the formation of the perfect tenses. (completion of action)
   For example:
   (i) He has worked.
   (ii) I have finished my work.
   
   
2. In the formation of the perfect continuous tense. (ongoing action completion)
   For example:
   (i) He has been working.

B) Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation.
For example:
(i) I have to be there by five o'clock.
(ii) He has to move the furniture himself.

C) The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past.
For example:
(i) I had to be there by five o'clock.
(ii) He had to move the furniture himself.

D) In negatives and questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did.
For Example:
(i) They have to go.
(ii) They don't have to go.
(iii) Do they have to go?
(iv) He has to go.
(v) He doesn't have to go.
(vi) Does he have to go?
(vii) He had to go.
(viii) He didn't have to go.
(ix) Did he have to go?

Will / shall (be)

Shall is used in the first person (I) and will in all persons (we, you, he, she, it, they etc).
A) Shall / Will are used to express future tense.
For Example:
(i) I shall write a letter.
(ii) Sam will be punished for this (Future continuous tense)
(iii) John will have been running for an hour at that point. (Future perfect continuous tense)

B) Shall / will be used to express voices
For example:
(i) Letter will be written by him.

To Do

The to do auxiliary verbs are do, did and does.
Auxiliary do is used:
A) To express mood.

1. To form interrogative mood (i.e ask a question) of the simple present and simple past tenses of ordinary verbs
   For example:
   (i) Does he work?
   (ii) Did he work ?
   
   
2. To form the negative mood of the simple present and simple past tenses of ordinary verbs.
   For example:
   (i) He doesn't work.
   (ii) He didn't work.
   
   
3. To form imperative mood i.e to give an order.
   For example
   (i) Don't pluck the flower.
   (ii) Do your work.

B) To avoid repetition of a previous ordinary verb.
For example:
(i) Do you know him ? Yes, I do.
(ii) She sings well. Yes, she does.
(iii) You met him, didn't you ?
(iv) He eats fish and so do you.

C) Do is also used to emphasize the affirmative nature of a statement.
For example:
(i) You do look pale.
(ii) I told him not to go, but he did go.

D) In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more persuasive.
For example:
(i) Do be quiet,
(ii) Oh, do come ! It's going to be such fun.
In such cases do is strongly .stressed.

TO BE VERBS

Person	Present Tense	Past Tense	Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense	Future Tense
I	am	was	have	had	will be
We	are	were
You
He	is	was	has
She
They	are	were	have
It	is	was	has

For Modal Verbs (Click here)

Chemistry For HSC Part 2 - Chapter No.11 - MCQs and Fill In The Blanks

Go To Index

Chapter No.11
Chemical Industries In Pakistan
Multiple Choice Questions - [MCQs]

1. Fertilizers maintain the pH of soil:
a) From pH 7 to 8 ✓
b) Above pH 10
c) Below pH 3
d) None of the these

2. Urea, Ammonia nitrate and ammonium sulphate are examples of:
a) Nitrogenous Fertilizers ✓
b) Potassic Fertilizers
c) Phosphatic Fertilizers
d) None of these

3. Urea is an excellent nitrogenous direr which contains nitrogen about:
a) 36%
b) 47% ✓
c) 80 %
d) 60%

4. The most commonly and widely used nitrogenous fertilizer in Pakistan is:
a) Nitrolin
b) Urea ✓
c) Ammonium Sulphate
d) Ammonium Nitrate

5. The phosphatic fertilizer obtained by mixing phosphorite with sulphuric acid in special chamber is called
a) Super Phosphate ✓
c) Di ammonium Phosphate
b) Triple Phosphate
d) None of these

6. Fertilizers that are derived from plants and animals are called:
a) Artificial Fertilizers
b) Natural Fertilizers ✓
c) Synthetic Fertilizers
d) None of the above

7. Artificial or Mineral fertilizers generally contain:
a) N, P or K ✓
b) C, H or 0
c) C, H or N
d) None of the these

8. Formula of Triple phosphate is:
a) Ca₃(PO₄)₂
b) Na(H₂PO₄)₂
c) 3Ca(H₂PO₄)₂✓
d) None of these

9. Which can be used in hard water effectively without any wastage in the form of scum:
a) Soap
b) Detergent ✓
c) None of these
d) Both of these

10. A transparent amorphous substance obtained by the fusion of various metallic silicates is called:
a) Plastic
b) Rayon
c) Glass✓
d) None of these

11. A glass which is a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate is called:
a) Soda glass ✓
b) Pyrex glass
c) Lime glass
d) Coloured glass

12. The glass apparatus used in chemistry laboratory is made up of:
a) Soft glass
b) Lime glass
c) Flint glass
d) Pyrex glass ✓

13. Blue colour glass are made by adding:
a) Fe⁺⁺
b) Fe⁺⁺⁺
c) Co ✓
d) Ni

14. The best phosphatic fertilizer containing high % of assimilable P₂O₃ is:
a) Super Phosphate
b) Triple Phosphate ✓
c) Phosporite
d) None of these

15. Which is the better cleaning agent:
a) Soap
b) Detergent ✓
c) None of these
d) Both of these

16. The fibers obtained from cotton, jute, silk wool are called:
a) Artificial fibers
b) Synthetic fibers
c) Natural fibers ✓
d) Semi-synthetic fibers

17. Which is the naturally occurring polymer:
a) Polythene
b) PVC
c) Proteins ✓
d) Propylene

18. Which is not a natural polymer:
a) Silk
b) Wool
c) Leather
d) Nylon ✓

19. Which of the following is not a polymer:
a) Rubber
b) Cellulose
c) Fructose ✓
d) Protein

20. The monomer of PVC is:
a) Succinic acid
b) Vinyl chloride ✓
c) Propylene
d) Glycol

21. Teflon is a polymer of:
a) Polytetra fluoro ethylene ✓
c) Polytetra fluoro butylenes
b) Polytetra fluoro propylene
d) None of the these

22. The natural polymer among the following is:
a) Polyethylene
b) PVC
c) Teflon
d) Cellulose ✓

23. The substances added to soil to provide one or more nutrient elements essential for plant growth are called.
a) Fertilizers ✓
b) Salts
c) Minerals
d) Detergents

24. The percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonia is:
a) 18%
b) 45%
c) 65%
d) 82% ✓

25. Which are Sodium or Potassium salts of long chain fatty acids?
a) Fertilizers
b) Soap ✓
c) Detergents
d) Nylon

26. Boron oxide and Silica are the main constituents of:
a) Pyrex glass ✓
b) Soda-lime glass
c) Hard glass
d) Flint glass

27. Fertilizers maintain the pH of Soil at:
a) 7.0 - 8.0 ✓
b) 4.0 - 6.00
c) 1.2 - 42
d)12.0 - 14.0

28. Bakelite is formed by the combination of:
a) Phenol and Formaldehyde ✓
b) Phenol and Acetaldehyde
c) Benzene and Phenol
d) Benzene and Alcohol

29. The materials, which increase the mechanical strength of plastics and their resistance to fire, are celled:
a) Fillers ✓
b) Plasticizers
c) Pigments
d) Stabilizers.

30. The glass used in making electric bulbs is called:
a) Soda glass
b) Lime glass
c) Pyrex gloss
d) Flint glass. ✓

31. Which of the following is Thermosetting plastic?
a) Bakelite ✓
b) Polyethylene
c) Polystyrene
d) None of these.

Fill in the blanks:

1. The soil having pH above 10 or below 3 is sterile.
2. Phosphatic fertilizers accelerate fruit formation, gowth and development and increase resistance to diseases.
3. In water-based paints, solvent is water which carries a pigment or emulsion.
4. Fillers are inert, solid substances like China clay, talc, which are added to the paint to increase its durability.
5. Detergents are soapless cleaning agents.
6. Glass is a super-cooled liquid of artificial silicates.
7. Serious disadvantage of synthetic detergents is that they're not Biodegradable.
8. A type of plastic which softens on heating and becomes hard on cooling is thermoplastic.
9. PVC is manufactured by polymerization of vinyl chliride.
10. Terylene is mainly used in clothing and fishing lines.

True or False:

1. Thermosetting plastics become hard on heating. True
2. The widely used thinner for paints is Turpentine oil. True
3. Polyvinylchloride is a polymer, which is used in the manufacture" of chewing gum. False
4. The mixture of Sodium and Calcium silicates is called Nylon. False
5. Such substances which are not soaps by nature possess cleaning properties, are called detergents. True
6. Nylon is made by treating Hexamethylene diamine with Adipic acid. True
7. Plasticizers are the chemicals added to synthetic plastics to make them soft and flexible. True
8. Detergents cannot work in hard water.False
9. Soft glass is ordinary soda-lime silicate. True
10. Triple phosphate contains phosphorus nearly three time phosphate that of super phosphate. True

Urdu Letter - اپنے علاقے کے اسپتال میں صحت و صفاٸی کی صورت حال پر اخبار کے ایڈیٹر کے نام مراسلہ تحریر کریں

ایڈیٹر کے نام خط

 اپنے علاقے کے اسپتال میں صحت و صفاٸی کی صورت حال پر اخبار کے ایڈیٹر کے نام مراسلہ تحریر کریں

Biology For Class IX - Chapter No.2 - Solving A Biological Problem - Questions and Answers

GO TO INDEX
CHAPTER 2
SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM

Questions and Answers

Q.1: What is science and scientific method?
Ans: SCIENCE:
Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and the environment. It is a body of knowledge that is constantly changing through the use of better and more accurate tools for investigation.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
At the core of biology and other sciences lies a problem-solving approach called the scientific method. The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world.

Q.2: (a) Define Biological method and biological problems?
Ans (a): BIOLOGICAL METHOD:
Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of living things, or organisms. The system of advancing knowledge by formulating a question, collecting data about it through observation and experiment, and testing a hypothetical answer about living things is called biological method.

OR

A biological method is a scientific method used to solve biological problems which is related to or produced by a living organism.

BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM:
Biological problem is a set of questions to be solved, about the natural world. These problems can be environmental, ecological, health related, etc.
Example: Disease Malaria (the greatest killer disease of man for centuries) which spread through a female Anopheles mosquito. Previously the cause of malaria was unknown. It was thought that the malaria is caused by “bad air” (Latin word: 'mala' means bad, and 'aria' means air). This problem is solved when a Scientist identified the reason of malaria.

Q.3: Draw a chart showing steps involved in biological methods and describe each step briefly? OR Explain the steps of biological methods in details? OR How biological method is used to solve biological problems? OR Describe biological method Used to solve the problem of Malaria
Ans: STEPS SHOWING BIOLOGICAL METHOD
Biological method is consist of following step-wise process.

1. Observation OR Related observations and previous knowledge (Data collection)
2. Hypothesis
3. Reasoning To explain
   a) Inductive Reasoning
   b) Deductive Reasoning
4. Experiment
5. Result
6. Conclusion
7. Theory

In order to resolve specific biological problem, a same biological method (problem-solving) is adopted by scientists to find answers that are logical and supported by evidence.
1. OBSERVATION:
The first step is to identify the reason of the problem followed by the formulation of a question about what has been observed. The solution of biological problem starts with observation. Observation can be made on anything from plant movement to animal behavior. Thus

"An observation is a statement of knowledge gained through the senses (qualitative) or through the use of scientific equipment (quantitative)."

For Example:
In 1880, a French physician, Laveran, studied the blood sample of malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creatures in it and named as Plasmodium.

"So the observation was made that Plasmodium is present in the blood of malaria patients."

2. HYPOTHESIS:
Hypothesis is a key component of the scientific process. It is defined as:

“The intelligent guess made by a scientist in the form of statement”.
OR
To solve a scientific problem, one or more intelligent guess are made on the basis of the observations. Such intelligent guess is called a Hypothesis.

A hypothesis must be testable by scientific method. That means, We should be able to test our hypothesis through experimentation. Hypothesis must either be supported or falsified by experiment.
For Example:
In malaria case, an intelligent guess is made after observation that "Plasmodium is the cause of malaria." But it is only a guess which can be presented as a hypothesis.

3. REASONING:
Biologists collect information about the problem and formulate the hypothesis by using a reasoning process i.e.

1. Inductive reasoning and
2. Deductive reasoning.

a) Inductive reasoning: moves from specific to general
e.g. Shark is a fish. All fishes have scales therefore sharks also have scales.

b) Deductive reasoning: moves from general to specific. It is based on “if then” statement. Deductive reasoning can be tested and verified by experiments. For Example:
In malaria case, the following deduction is made:

“If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all the malaria patient should have Plasmodium in their blood”

4. EXPERIMENT:
Once a problem has been observed and a hypothesis is suggested, the next step in the scientific method is to design an experiment based on reasoning.

"Experiment is a practical performance of a scientist to identify the real cause of a problem based on inductive and or deductive reasoning."

A key assumption is that the experiment will be repeated many times by other scientists. Scientist performs two types of test i.e.

1. Control Group: Group of unaffected people or healthy people.
2. Experimental Group: Group of affected people like malaria people

For Example:
To find out the cause of malaria, blood samples of 100 malaria patients (experimental group) and the blood samples of 100 healthy persons (control group) were examined under microscope.

5. RESULTS:
The results are where we report what happened in the experiment. That includes detailing all observations and data made during experiment.

"Result verifies the hypothesis."

For Example:
In the case of malaria, it was found that all the malaria patients (experimental group) had Plasmodium in their blood whereas the blood samples of healthy persons (control group) were free from Plasmodium.

6. CONCLUSION:
The final step of the scientific method is developing conclusion. This is where all the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination is reached about the hypothesis. If hypothesis is supported, its great. If not, scientists repeat the experiment or think of other ways to improve our procedure.
For Example:
Conclusion is made that “Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”.

7. THEORY:
Scientific theories, are well-tested and highly reliable scientific explanations of natural phenomena.

"If hypothesis is proved to be correct, then scientists unify many repeated observations and data collected from lots of experiments and uniform results, then this hypothesis becomes a theory."

For example: Theory of Evolution.

Q.4: Define Theory and law and principle
Ans: THEORY:
As more and more evidence come to hand in the favour of hypothesis, the hypothesis gains increasing acceptance and eventually is promoted to the rank of a theory.

"A theory is a set of scientific consumptions consistent with one another and supported by evidence, but not fully proved. Scientific theories, are well-tested and highly reliable scientific explanations of natural phenomena. They unify many repeated observations and data collected from lots of experiments and uniform results, then this hypothesis becomes a theory."

For example: Theory of Evolution.

LAW:
If a theory survive such doubtful approach and continues to be supported by experimental evidence, it becomes a law. Thus:
"A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature, it is virtually an irrefutable theory." Biology is short in laws due to puzzling nature of life.
For Example: Mendel'slaw of inheritance.

PRINCIPLE:
If a theory survive such doubtful approach and can explain many natural phenomena. It continues to be supported by experimental evidence and also universally accepted by the scientists it becomes a scientific principle.

Q.5: Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:
(i) Theory and Law
(ii) Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
(iii) Theory and Hypothesis
(iv) Qualitative and Quantitative Observation
Ans:(i) Distinguish or Difference between Theory and Law

S.NO.	Theories	Law
1.	If hypothesis is proved to be correct from repeated experiments, then it is called scientific theory	When a theory is again and again proved to be correct, then it is called a scientific law or principle.
2.	Scientific theories are well-tested and highly reliable scientific explanations of natural phenomena.	A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of nature.
3.	A theory is the explanation of observation.	A law is an observation
4.	Theory explains why something happens	A law describes what happens when certain conditions are present.
5.	A theory can be revised or replaced by another better theory	A law cannot be replaced or changed.
6.	They unify many repeated observations and data collected from lots of experiments.	A law has no such requirements of experimentation.
7.	A theory may become obsolete with time.	A law does not become obsolete with time.
8.	A theory may be strong or weak according to the amount of evidence available.	A law is universally obserable fact.
9.	Example: Theory of Evolution, Cell theory	Example: Mendel's inheritance law, Law of dominance

(ii) Distinguish or Difference between Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

S.NO.	Inductive reasoning	Deductive reasoning
1.	Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general facts	A Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific facts.
2.	Inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory.	Deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory.
3.	Inductive argument can be strong or weak, which means conclusion may be false even if premises are true.	Deductive arguments can be valid or invalid, which means if premises are true, the conclusion must be true
4.	In inductive reasoning, the conclusions are probabilistic.	In deductive reasoning, the conclusions are certain
5.	It is based on observation.	It is based on “if - then” statement or theory.
6.	Inductive reasoning can not verified because it is obtained from hypothesis and may be false.	Deductive reasoning can be tested and verified by experiments.
7.	Inductive reasoning follows a borrom-up approach.	Deductive reasoning follows a top-down approach.
8.	Inductive reasoning starts from the conclusions.	Deductive reasoning starts from premises.
9.	Use of inductive reasoning is fast and easy, as we need evidence instead of true facts. We often use it in our daily life.	Use of deductive reasoning is difficult, as we need facts which must be true.
10.	e.g. Shark is a fish. All fishes have scales therefore sharks also have scales.	For Example: In malaria case, the following deduction is made: “If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all the malaria patient should have Plasmodium in their blood”

(iii) Distinguish or Difference between Theory and Hypothesis

S.NO.	Theory	Hypothesis
1.	It is well-tested and highly reliable scientific explanation of natural phenomena.	It is an intelligent guess made by a scientist in the form of statement.
2.	A theory is a set of scientific assumptions consistent with one and other supported by evidence but not fully proved.	It may be a possible answer to a particular problem which is made by scientists on the basis of available data.
3.	It is tested and proven scientifically	It is not tested or proven scientifically
4.	The results are certain	The results are not certain
5.	e.g.: Malaria Theory, Theory of Evolution	e.g.: Plasmodium is the cause of Malaria.

(iv) Distinguish or Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Observation

S.NO.	Qualitative Observation	Quantitative Observation
1.	It is an observation or a statement of knowledge gained through the five senses	It is an observation or a statement of knowledge gained through the use of scientific equipment.
2.	quantitative data is made with five senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch.	Tools for qualitative data include measuring equipment, such as ruler, balance etc.
3.	It is considered as inaccurate	It is considered as accurate
4.	It can not be measure and recorded in terms of numbers.	It is measurable and can be recorded in terms of numbers
5.	Observations are based on characteristics	Observations are based on quantities.
6.	e.g.: The freezing point of water is colder than the boiling point	e.g.: The freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.

Q.6: Define data? Briefly describe data organization and data analysis? Also draw a bar chart and pie chart to explain data organization.
Ans: DATA:
Data can be defined as the information such as names, dates or values made from observations and experimentation.

DATA ORGANIZATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
Data organization and data analysis are important steps in biological method.

Data organization:

• For data organization, different formats like graphs, tables, flow charts, maps and diagrams of the data are prepared.
• All the data points, whether they are bad or do not support predictions are recorded. Some of the most incredible discoveries in science were made because the data looked wrong!
• Once the data is recorded, a mathematical analysis are performed to support or refuse hypothesis.

Data analysis:
Data analysis is necessary to prove or disprove a hypothesis by experimentation. In data analysis, the statistical methods (ratio and proportion) are applied.

• Ratio: is a comparison of two values expressed as a quotient (1st/2nd). It may be expressed by putting a division (/) or colon (:) mark between the two numbers.
  Example: A flower has 4 sepals and 12 petals. The ratio of sepals to petals is 4:12. This ratio can also be expressed as an equivalent fraction 1:3.
• Proportion: is an equation stating that two ratios are equal. Or It joins two equal ratios by the sign of equality (=).
  Example: 4:12 = 1:3 is a proportion between the two ratios. This proportion may also be expressed as 4:12::1:3.

A bar chart showing the trend of malaria cases reported in Sindh 2016-17

A Pie Chart showing Infectious diseases in Pakistan (2006) 

Q.7: Why Mathematics is an integral part of the scientific process?
Ans: Mathematics As an integral part of the scientific process:
Suppose, if a biologist studying the insect population. He goes into the field and count the population sample in a specific region, then compare sample with other regions to get population estimated. At every step of this process, he depends upon mathematics to measure, predict, and understand natural phenomena. Mathematical biology is a field of research that examines mathematical representations of biological systems. One key role of mathematics in biology is the creation of mathematical models. There are equations or formulas that can predict or describe natural occurrences, such as organism behavior patterns, population changes over time, structure of protein, height of living organisms, population of an endangered species, bacterial growth and so on. Finally we can say that mathematics plays a critical role in better understanding the natural world.

English Grammar - Punctuation

PUNCTUATION

Punctuation: are used for clarity. Few rules or tips of punctuation are given below:

Common punctuation marks
Following are common punctuation marks:

1. (.) - Full stop or period
2. (?) - Question or query mark / mark of interrogation.
3. (,) - Comma
4. (!) - Sign or mark of exclamation
5. (A, B, C...) - Capital letters
6. (;) - Semi Colon
7. (:) - Colon
8. (" ") - Double quotes / quotes or quotation marks / inverted commas / speech marks
9. (' ') - Single quotes
10. (-) - Dash / hyphen
11. ( ( ) ) - Parenthesis / small brackets
12. ( { } ) - Braces / curly brackets
13. ( [ ] ) - Brackets / square brackets
14. (*) - Asterisk
15. (') - Apostrophes
16. (/) - Forward slash or stroke
17. ( … ) - Ellipsis
18. ( • ) - Bullets

1. Period or Full Stop (.):
We use it:

• At the end of a sentence. e.g. He is a student.
• For abbreviations. a.m., p.m., B.C., A.D., Oct., Mon., Rev. etc.
• Periods always go inside all quotation marks.

2. Question Mark (?):
We use it:

• After a question e.g. Are you happy? What's the time?

3. Comma (,):
indicates a short pause, we use it:

• Between the parts of a series. e.g. I bought a pen, some pencils, an eraser and a sharpener.
• To separate words, phrases or clause.
• After direct address e.g. Samina, I will help you. Do it again, Najia.
• After introductory words e.g. Yes, I was absent yesterday.
• To separate the reporting speech from the direct speech. She said, "He is angry with me." "What do you want", they said.
• To separate independent statements which are linked by for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so. (before these words comma is used when they work as conjunction in a sentence.)

4. Sign of exclamation (!):
We use it:

• To express surprise, shock, a sharp outburst, or a command, etc. Oh!, Ah!, Wow!, Ugh!, Nonsense!, Watch out!, Run away!, What a fine day!, How heavy!, etc.
• It express a word is stated in anger or disgust, has opposite meanings, or it is an insult or command.

5. Capital Letters (A, B, C.....):
We use them:

• At the beginning of sentences
• A proper noun
• Adjectives made from proper nouns
• Each line of a poem
• The first word following the inverted commas, etc.

6. Semi Colon (;):

• Some words we write need a stronger pause before them than that provided by a semi colon.
• For example: however; therefore; also; hence; furthermore; moreover; subsequently; and consequently; etc.

7. Colon (:):
Can be used:

• To introduce new information, quotation or a list of things
• They push the reader forward, they make the reader focus what will happen next in the sentence.

8. Double Quotes / Quotes or Quotation Marks / Inverted commas / Speech marks:
Always use in pairs, we used them:

• To bound direct quotes.

9. Single Quotes (' ')
Always use in pairs, we use them:

• Single quotation marks are used to mark a quote within a quote or a direct quote in a news story headline.
• A question mark is only placed inside of single quotation marks if the quote within a quote is a question.

10. Dash or Hyphens (-):
We use them:

• To join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a noun. For example: well-known.
• With compound numbers: e.g. seventy-three etc.
• To avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: e.g. semi-independent (but semiconscious), shell-like (but childlike)
• With the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; e.g. self-sufficient, ex-wife.
• With the suffix -elect; e.g. mayor-elect.
• Between a prefix and a capitalized word; mid-December.
• With figures or letters: e.g. mid-1990s.
• To divide words at the end of a line or line break if necessary.

11. Parenthesis or small brackets ( ):
Parenthesis always come in pairs. We use them:

• enclose information and separate it from the main idea of the sentence or paragraph.
• to enclose incidental or extra information, such as a passing comment, a minor example or addition, or a brief explanation.
• to enclose a date or a citation.
• Outside the realm of emoticons

12. Braces Or Curly Brackets { }:

They should never be used in place of parentheses ( ) or square brackets [ ].

We use them:

• in various programing languages
• certain mathematical expressions and
• some musical notation.

13. Square Brackets [ ]:
We use them:

• to insert something into a sentence that is already enclosed in parentheses.
• to insert an explanatory word or note to make the sentence clearer or add a correction or comment within a quotation.

14. Asterisk ( * ):
We use them:

• to explain about some words or sentences written at the bottom of page.
• Use in news papers and books.

15. Apostrophe ( ' ):
We use them:

• to form possessive noun or tell that one thing is owned by another e,g:
  The boy's bicycle.
  i. with singular noun 's is used e.g. mother's bag.
  ii. if singular noun ending in 's' the only apostrophe is used e.g. Davis' book.
  iii. with plural noun only apostrophe is used. e.g. two girls' books.
• contract or make shorter a word by removing a letter. e.g:
  You are ⟶ You 're.
  have not ⟶ haven't.
• to indicate plurals of letters, numbers, and symbols. e.g: A's, 5's etc.

16. Forward Slash or Stroke ( / ):
We use it:

• to separate lines of poetry.
• to make to have a choice among stuffs etc.

17. Ellipsis ( … ):
We use them to show that:

• left something deliberately.
• writer has offered a thought that isn't complete.
• time has passed.
• a speech was all over the place.

18. Bullets ( • ):
We use it:

• in important lists

English (Compulsory) For Class IX - Unit 8 - People And Places - Text Book Exercise 8.1 - 8.3

GO TO INDEX

Gazi's Diary

Text Book Exercise 8.1 - 8.3

UNIT 8.1 READING COMPREHENSION
Pre-Reading
Work in groups of four and do the following:
1. Share with each other some of the good things that you remember from your childhood. Remember to talk in English. Select one incident from all those shared in the group for sharing with the class.
1. Play out door game and go for cycling in the evening with neighbours
2. On every weekend go to visit Granny (Naani) at their house or called them at home.
3. Arrange party and enjoy movies on CD-player with friends.
4. After dinner, all family members gather in a common room and discuss daily matters.
5. Watering our lawn with grand father.
6. Go for jogging with grand pa (Dada jaan) in the morning.
7. In every summer vacation, go to seaside or some hill stations.
8. On Eid ul adha, go to buy cow or goat with family members and enjoy there alot.
9. On chand raat, (before a day on Eid ul fitr) go for buy mehndi and bangles.

2. Discuss some of the issues that Pakistan is facing due to water shortage and what should the citizens do, what steps should the government take to solve this problem. Fill the information in the following table. After filling the table, decide which problem and solution your group would like to share with the class.

S.NO.	Problem	Solution	Responsibility
1.	Lack of water for irrigation	Make canal and channels near the agriculture land and use modern technology to save water	Prevent environment from pollution
2.	Lack of drinking water	Build plants to save rain water and improve water supply management	Save water whenever possible.
3.	Hygienic and sanitary issue	Improve sewage system and recycle clean water.	Prevent illegal dumping and industries should avoid to dispose their wastage in lakes and rivers.
4.	Shortage of electricity production	Build more dams, barrages and water reservoirs to save water from rain	Avoid wasting power and energy
5.	Drought land cause migration	Cloud seeding to save land from drought	Supply water in such areas by different means

While Reading
Exercise 1:
Read the diary entries quickly and find out information for filling the following table. One entry is narrative and the other is descriptive. After filling the table, discuss with your partner.

Item	Day	Date	Topic	Place Mentioned	No. of Paragraphs	Type of Text
Entry 1	Wednesday	10/04/2015	Village life	Karachi	7	Narrative
Entry 2	Friday	04/08/2017	Storage of water	Sukkur, Jacobabad, Kalat	8	Descriptive

Vocabulary
Exercise 2:
The words in the box have been taken from the text. Find them in the reading text and underline them.
Discuss the possible meanings of these words with your partner. Next, check the meanings given in the glossary at the end of the book.

Words / Meanings

Entry 1

S.NO.	Words	Meanings
1.	Access	Approach OR Be within reach for use.
2.	Commuting	Travelling from one place to another.
3.	Compromised	Adversely affected.
4.	Credit	Money available for a client to borrow OR Sell something for which the buyer pays later.
5.	Desperately	Gravely, Critically OR Very much.
6.	Devices	Gadgets, Appliances OR Things used for a particular purpose
7.	Distanced	Went far ahead of OR Taken away.
8.	Gossips	Little talks OR Stories about other people's lives.
9.	Replaced	Took the place of OR Taken the place of.
10.	Siblings	Brothers or sisters

Entry 2

S.NO.	Words	Meanings
1.	Capture	Catch, Seize OR Get control over something.
2.	Devastation	Great destruction or damage
3.	Havoc	Widespread destruction OR Great damage or destruction
4.	Irrigation	The supply of water to land OR Supplying water for the growth of crops.
5.	Release	Set free OR Let go
6.	Retain	Keep OR Hold back.
7.	Self-sufficient	Needing no outside help in satisfying one's basic needs OR Have enough to meet one's needs.
8.	Structures	Make up , Arrangement of parts OR Things made of several parts.
9.	Surplus	Excess, Extra OR More than the amount needed.
10.	Tamed	Domesticated, Subdued OR Made easy to control.

Sentences

Entry 1

S.NO.	Words	Sentences
1.	Access	The only access to the city is across the bridge. OR She couldn't have access to the internet because she did not have computer.
2.	Commuting	He spent that year commuting between Karachi and Islamabad.
3.	Compromised	Sana quickly compromised and accepted the new work schedule. OR They compromised by going to the shopping mall.
4.	Credit	He was charged with credit card fraud. OR This store does not give credit.
5.	Desperately	The doctors tried desperately to save her life. OR He desperately needed money.
6.	Devices	Modern devices facilitate domestic work. OR Many electronic appliances are time saving devices in daily life.
7.	Distanced	He distanced himself from the actions of the illegal group. OR
8.	Gossips	She always gossips and arouses conflict. OR They had long gossips together, and were endlessly confidential.
9.	Replaced	The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. OR The building will be replaced, most probably by a modern sports centre.
10.	Siblings	I have four siblings, three brothers and a sister. OR I and my siblings have studied from the same school.

Entry 2

S.NO.	Words	Sentences
1.	Capture	His paintings capture the essence of Egypt. OR He has captured a beautiful sunset scene over a lake in his camera.
2.	Devastation	An earthquake has left behid it a widespread devastation.
3.	Havoc	Violent storms caused terrible havoc on the city.
4.	Irrigation	Irrigation is impotant for farming.
5.	Release	Police arrested several men in murder case, innocent were later released after investigation. OR PTV announced the release of the all season of Urdu dubbed Ertugrul Ghazi on social media.
6.	Retain	He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.
7.	Self-sufficient	Pakistan is self-sufficient in rice and wheat production.
8.	Structures	The Burj ul Khalifa is one of the tallest free standing structure in the world.
9.	Surplus	Pakistan exports rice and cotton because these crops grow surplus in our country.
10.	Tamed	Lions can never be completely tamed and trained.

Exercise 3:
Work in pairs and write two paragraphs. Use at least five words from Entry 1 to write one paragraph,and five words from Entry 2 to write the second paragraph.
Ans:

Exercise 4:
The following sentences are summary of each paragraph of the two entries. Read the text and in the blanks provided, write the number of the paragraph to which each sentence is related. One has been done as an example.
Entry 1:
a. There were no roads and no vehicles. 4
b. The modern lifestyle has affected our health and our relationships. 7
c. I miss the simple village life. 1
d. Men met and discussed things at the Otaq and women at the village well. 6
e. Three families lived in three rooms. 2
f. The houses were not made of cement. 3
g. People bought things from small shops. 5

Entry 2:
a. One of the barrages in Pakistan is the Guddu Barrage. 5
b. Construction of more barrages is an important need of Pakistan today. 8
c. The Guddu barrage irrigates land in two provinces. 6
d. Rivers has always been important for travel and for growing crops. 2
e. The flow of water is controlled through gates in a barrage. 4
f. Many different people worked to complete the Guddu barrage. 7
g. A way was found to store extra water for later use. 3
h. Rains cause rivers to overflow, leading to flood. 1

Exercise 5:
How was the village life of the past different from the city life of today, as given in the text? Complete the following table to show the difference.
Work in pairs and do this exercise in your notebook.

S.NO.	Items	Village life 60 years ago	City life today
1.	Houses	simple mud houses	made of cement with all facilities
2.	Roads/ Streets	no road or streets - narrow  mud lanes	wide and lighted roads and streets
3.	Mode of travel	Walking	motorbikes, cars etc
4.	Atmosphere	clean and pollution free	Polluted
5.	Shops/ Markets	small shops with less items	big shops and supermarket with variety of goods
6.	Buying from shops	cash or mostly on credit	cash or credit or debit cards
7.	Source of news	Village Otaq or well	television, whatsapp, facebook etc.
8.	Information about people	Village Otaq or well	television, youtube, facebook etc.
9.	Source of entertainment	Village Otaq or well	television, youtube, facebook etc.
10.	Communicating with people	face to face	phone, sms, whatsapp etc.

Exercise 6:
Complete the following sentences in your notebook. After you have completed, discuss your answers with your partner and make changes, if needed.
a. Very few people had knee problems in the village because
Ans: village people of all ages sat on the floor, which exercised their knees.

b. The people in the village did not need vehicles because
Ans: they just walked.

c. People could buy things from the shops without money as
Ans: village shopkeepers knew everyone by name and were usually willing to give goods on credit.

d. When the men met at the Otaq in the evening they
Ans: spent their free time, shared news and gossips, laughed at jokes, talked about weather, crops and the village.

e. The writer wanted a time machine so that
Ans: he could go back sixty years, back to his life in the village.

f. Rivers have always been important for two reasons:
Ans:

1. They were used as trade routes.
2. They have been important for growing food.

g. The main purpose of barrages is
Ans: to block the flow of water and store it for later use.

h. The Guddu barrage has made a difference in this region by
Ans: eliminating the damage caused by floods in the area.

i. Pakistan needs more barrages to
Ans: control flooding during the rainy season and to supply water throughout the year.

j. Through proper water management we can
Ans: grow surplus food items which can then export and earn foreign exchange.

Exercise 7:
Read the text and answer the following questions in your notebook. After you have completed, discuss your answers with your partner.
a. What are the things that the writer was missing?
Ans: The writer was missing his village, the simple, mud house that he lived in, the simple toys that gave him so much pleasure, and the simple, carefree people amongst whom we lived.

b. Why did the lanes in the village become slippery in the rainy season?
Ans: Village did not have roads or streets; there were just narrow lanes covered with mud, so they became very slippery in the rainy season.

c. Is the writer happy with his present life? Why? Why not?
Ans: No, the writer is not happy with his present life because he feels that luxurious life style of city people has compromised their health. The availability of devices has distanced them from people. The access to technology has replaced the human touch. So, he prefer his village life and wish for a time machine to take him back to his simple life, simple people, simple interests, and simple wants and needs.

d. Why do most parts of Pakistan have flood problem in summer?
Ans: In Pakistan, floods create havoc when rivers over flow their banks during the monsoon season, because there is no proper management to store excess rain water. The population is dense and most of the population is inhabited near rivers.

e. Why did people start building barrages?
Ans: Rivers flood during the rainy season and run dry or have very little water sometime after the rains. So, there is one way that people started building barrages to capture and retain the rain water for later use and to prevent it from flooding.

f. Do you agree / think that we should build bridges? Why? Why not?
Ans: Bridges are very useful for transportation but in the current situation we need more barrages to overcome the water shortage. By building barrages to hold or retain rain water in monsoon or rainy season, floods can be avoided and retained water can be used throughout the year for growing food. By doing so, we will take the country towards development. I think we should build more barrages than bridges.



UNIT 8.3 LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Degrees of adverbs:

• Adverbs often tell us how an action was done.
• Like adjectives, adverbs also have three degrees, positive, comparative and superlative.
• One syllable adverbs usually take -er to form the comparative degree and -est to form the superlative degree. (e.g. high — higher — highest).
• The adverbs that have two or more syllables usually form the comparative degree with 'more' and the superlative degree with 'most'. (e.g. smoothly — more smoothly — most smoothly).
• Adverbs can have irregular degrees also (e.g. badly — worse — worst)

Exercise 1:
Complete the following table by adding the missing degree of adverbs. After you have completed, compare your answers with your partner.

S.NO.	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
1.	angrily	more angrily	most angrily
2.	bravely	more bravely	most bravely
3.	carefully	more carefully	most carefully
4.	comfortably	more comfortably	most comfortably
5.	early	earlier	earliest
6.	easily	more easily	most easily
7.	loudly	more loudly	most loudly
8.	fast	faster	fastest
9.	gently	more gently	most gently
10.	most happily	more most happily	most happily
11.	hard	harder	hardest
12.	probably	more probably	most probably
13.	long	longer	longest
14.	far	farther	farthest
15.	noisily	more noisily	most noisily
16.	high	higher	highest
17.	quickly	more quickly	most quickly
18.	skillfully	more skillfully	most skillfully
19.	truthfully	more truthfully	most truthfully
20.	well	better	best

Exercise 2:
Fill the following blanks with the correct degree of adverb. Select an adverb from the list in Exercise 1. You can use one adverb only once. Discuss your answers with your partner, after both of you have completed, and make changes where needed.
1. My uncle went the farthest from his home during the recent floods.
2. Let's see who runs the fastest in the race.
3. The workers protested angrily at getting low salaries, as compared to long working hours and shorter breaks.
4. The Bolan Express is the earliest train you can take, the rest leave after 10 o'clock.
5. The drivers from Germany drove their cars more carefully than those from Japan.
6. Salim climbed higher than Fazal but Hanif climbed the highest.
7. As compared to the soldiers in the first and middle rows, the soldiers in the last row fought the enemy more bravely.
8. Saima answered more quickly than her friends.
9. Newborn babies should be handled more gently than all other age groups.
10. My father was sitting comfortably in his chair and enjoying the talk show on TV.

Exercise 3:
Work in pairs and orally complete the following passage using the correct degree of the adverbs given below. You can use each adverb only once. After you have discussed it orally, write the complete passage in your notebook, underlining all the adverbs.

well, probably, easily, loudly, happily, quickly, long, hard, carefully, noisily

The teacher had to shout loudly the second time, before the students settled down. The reason why the students were working was noisily because they wanted more time to do the work. The teacher said that the student who finishes the most quickly would get two extra marks. Salim wanted to perform better than his friends because he wanted to get the scholarship. He had worked hard for his English paper and wanted to be able to do the paper more easily than he had been able to do in the previous test. He read each section carefully to avoid silly mistakes. He knew that he would probably finish well in time to be able to edit his work. He worked the longest on the writing section because he wanted to write a good essay. He submitted his paper happily when the teacher announced that the time was up.

Quotation Marks: Further Practice
In writing, words that are actually used by speakers are put in quotation marks. They are put in before the first word spoken and after the last spoken word. They are always put in after the quotation mark. The spoken words can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end. Look at the example below:

1. "Have you finished your homework, Zahid?" asked his mother.
2. "I can do my work later," replied Zahid.
3. His father said, "You will not be allowed to go out until you finish your homework," and went out of the room.
4. Zahid was upset but he said, "Okay, I will finish my homework and then go."

Exercise 4:
In the following exercise, the quotation marks are missing. Write down these sentences in your notebook by putting in the quotation marks. After you have completed, share your work with your partner.
1. We are going to be late for school, Amjad, said his sister.
Ans: "We are going to be late for school, Amjad", said his sister.

2. The students stood up and said, Good morning, teacher.
Ans: The students stood up and said, "Good morning, teacher."

3. The cleaner said, I have cleaned your yard, and then he went away.
Ans: The cleaner said, "I have cleaned your yard", and then he went away.

4. The small child was crying, and kept saying, Where is my mother?
Ans: The small child was crying, and kept saying, "Where is my mother?"

5. Come on in, children, said the gatekeeper, I am going to close the gate.
Ans: "Come on in, children", said the gatekeeper, "I am going to close the gate."

6. All the people were shouting, Pakistan Zindabad! We have won the match!
Ans: All the people were shouting, "Pakistan Zindabad! We have won the match!"

7. I have lost my car keys, said the old man. How can I start my car now?
Ans: "I have lost my car keys", said the old man. "How can I start my car now?"

8. Be careful! There are many bees flying here. They may bite you, said Zahra.
Ans: "Be careful! There are many bees flying here. They may bite you", said Zahra.

Exercise 5:
Work in pairs and insert quotation marks, capital letters, full stops and commas In the following story, where required. Rewrite the complete story, with all the above additions, in your notebook. The first paragraph has all the punctuation marks.

Frogs
Once upon a time there was a bunch of tiny frogs who arranged a running competition. The goal was to reach the top of a very high tower. A big crowd had gathered around the tower to see the race and cheer on the contestants.

the race began no one in the crowd really believed that the tiny frogs would reach the top of the tower one person said oh way too difficult!

another one said they will never make it to the top

not a chance that they will succeed said an old man the tower is too high!

the tiny frogs began collapsing one by one however some of them kept their spirits high and continued climbing higher and higher the crowd continued to yell it is too difficult! no one will make it!

more tiny frogs got tired and gave up but one frog continued to climb higher and higher and higher this one wouldn't give up.

at the end everyone else had given up climbing the tower except for the one tiny frog who after a big effort was the only one who reached the top then all of the other tiny frogs asked each other how did this one frog manage to do it

a contestant asked the tiny frog how did you find the strength to reach the goal

it turned out that the winner was deaf!

the wisdom of this story is: never listen to other people when they are being negative or pessimistic because they take away your most wonderful dreams from you

always remember that words have power and everything you hear and read will affect your actions therefore always be positive have positive friends and listen only to positive people above all be deaf when people tell you what you can do and what you cannot do believe in yourself and always say with God's help I can do this.

Ans: Frogs
Once upon a time, there was a bunch of tiny frogs who arranged a running competition. The goal was to reach the top of a very high tower. A big crowd had gathered around the tower to see the race and cheer on the contestants.

The race began. No one in the crowd really believed that the tiny frogs would reach the top of the tower. One person said, "Oh! way too difficult!"

Another one said, "They will never make it to the top."

"Not a chance that they will succeed", said an old man. "The tower is too high!"

The tiny frogs began collapsing one by one. However, some of them kept their spirits high and continued climbing higher and higher. The crowd continued to yell, "It is too difficult! no one will make it!"

More tiny frogs got tired and gave up but one frog continued to climb higher and higher and higher. This one wouldn't give up.

At the end, everyone else had given up climbing the tower except for the one tiny frog who after a big effort was the only one who reached the top. Then all of the other tiny frogs asked each other, "How did this one frog manage to do it?"

A contestant asked the tiny frog, "How did you find the strength to reach the goal?"

It turned out that the winner was deaf!

The wisdom of this story is: never listen to other people when they are being negative or pessimistic because they take away your most wonderful dreams from you.

Always remember that words have power and everything you hear and read will affect your actions. Therefore, always be positive have positive friends, and listen only to positive people. Above all be deaf when people tell you what you can do and what you cannot do. Believe in yourself and always say, "With God's help, I can do this."

Suffixes: Additional Practice
We sometimes add a pair or group of alphabets at the end of a word to add something to the meaning of a word. These are called suffixes. We can use suffixes to make many new words, for example, adjectives.

Examples:

• fashion+able = fashionable
• laugh+able = laughable
• noise+less = noiseless
• power+less = powerless

Exercise 6:
A. Fill the blanks in the following exercise with adjectives formed by using the suffix 'able' with the appropriate given words.

punish, comfort, cure, move, wash

1. We needed space to do our project work so we moved all the movable furniture to one side.
2. When travelling, we should try and washable take easily clothes with us.
3. This is a very comfortable chair.
4. Non-payment of taxes is a punishable crime.
5. We can recover from curable diseases quickly if we go to the doctor.

B. Fill the blanks in the following exercise by using the suffix 'less' with the appropriate given words.

use, bone, home, taste, job

1. This food is tasteless as compared to the food we had yesterday.
2. I asked my mother to buy boneless chicken for the new dish that I wanted to try.
3. This fellow is useless as far as work is concerned.
4. Finally, I have found work after being jobless for six months.
5. Many homeless people sleep on the footpaths.

English (Compulsory) For Class IX - Unit 8 - Life Skills - Lesson with Urdu translation

GO TO INDEX

Gazi's Diary

Lesson with Urdu translation

غازی کا روزنامچہ

Ghazi loved writing about his feelings and experiences. He often wrote things in his diary whenever he got into the writing mood. The following are two pages from his diary.

(1)

Wednesday, 10^th February, 2015
10:30 pm

Village life

Today, I am once again reminded of my simple village and its loving and caring people. I am living in Karachi now, in a beautiful house that has many modern facilities. It is located in a locality that has clean streets and big houses that have beautiful gardens, with a variety of plants and trees. But I am desperately missing my village; the simple, mud house that we lived in, the simple toys that gave us so much pleasure, and the simple, carefree people amongst whom we lived. I wish I could get into a time machine and go back sixty years, back to my life in the village.

The house that we lived in, had three rooms and a kitchen, all spread out in a yard that had no boundary wall, just some bushes separating our property from that of our neighbours. My grandparents and two of my unmarried aunts lived in one room, we, my parents and siblings, lived in another room, while my uncle and his family lived in the third room. We had a common kitchen, where the women of the family cooked for all of us.

The house in which I now live is made of cement and painted in beautiful colours, with tiled floors; however, the houses in our village were all made of wood, straw and mud. We had no furniture, as such; we sat on the floor and slept on the floor by spreading some quilts that were kept on a wooden stand during the day. This was probably why very few people had knee problems; people of all ages comfortably sat on the floor, which exercised their knees.

Our village did not have roads or streets; there were just narrow mud lanes, which became very slippery during the rainy season. Commuting from one place to another was not an issue; people did not need cars, buses or even motorbikes to go from one place to another in the village, they just walked. All this exercise kept them healthy and the absence of motor vehicles kept the environment pollution free.

Unlike the city, the village did not have big shops and supermarkets. There were just a few small shops selling goods that people needed for everyday living. One did not always need money or credit cards to buy things from these shops; one could buy things from these shops even if one did not have any money because the village shopkeepers knew everyone by name and were usually willing to give goods on credit.

The village Otaq, the place where men met in the evening, was where men spent their free time, shared news and gossips, laughed at shared jokes, talked about the weather, their crops and village issues, and enjoyed folk songs sung to the tune of the ghaghar and tamboora. The women had the village well which was the centre of all their activities. The village men and women shared their news and issues with people and enjoyed each other's company. They did not get their news from the television, learn about what was happening with people from the face book, get their entertainment from the You tube, and talk to people sitting at the next table through sms or email. All their activities centred on people in the flesh and blood, not people via devices.

Alas! Our luxurious life style has compromised our health. The availability of devices has distanced us from people. The access to technology has replaced the human touch. I wish for a time machine to take me back to my simple life, simple people, simple interests, and simple wants and needs.

(2)

Friday, 4^th August, 2017
11:45 am

We Need to Store Rain Water

Monsoons once again! Floods everywhere! The much needed rain is here. While water in an important need of life, too much of it can cause flooding and devastation. In Pakistan, floods create havoc when rivers over flow their banks during the monsoon season.
Rivers have always played a very important role in the life of human beings. They have served as trade routes from the earliest of times. Before the building of roads and railways, most trade was carried on by boats and ships along rivers. In addition to this, rivers have been important for growing food. This was the reason that most towns in ancient times were built near rivers.

However, rivers flood during the rainy season and run dry or have very little water sometime after the rains. One way that people have found to capture and retain the rain water for later use is by building structures to hold the water and prevent it from flooding. This way, the retained water can be used throughout the year for growing food. One way in which water is stored is through barrages built on rivers.

A barrage is a kind of wall, which blocks the flow of water. It has gates, through which the water is allowed to pass in a limited quantity. Its aim is to control the flow of water in the flood season, store it, and release it for irrigation, through the canals, throughout the year.
The Guddu barrage, built on the river Indus, is one of the many barrages built in Pakistan. It is built at a place where the river is fourteen kilometres in width. It is designed to force the water, spread over fourteen kilometres, to pass through a narrow barrage, about one kilometre wide. The barrage is 1355 kilometres in length. It is made in such a way that a flood of about 1.2 million cusecs can pass through it.

The Guddu barrage has a system of three main canals. Two of these are on the right bank and one on the left. The Begari Sindh Feeder and the Desert Pat Feeder, are on the right bank. The third canal, the Ghotki Feeder is on the left bank. The three canals are amongst the largest feeder canals in the world. The barrage is meant to irrigate an area of 2.7 million acres. Most of this area lies in the Sukkur and Jacobabad districts of Sindh, and the rest in the Kalat division of the Baluchistan province.
The Guddu barrage is one of the biggest barrages of Pakistan. It has also been the most difficult to complete. More than 5000 engineers, technicians, and labourers worked day and night to complete it. It was put into operation on 4th February, 1962.

The barrage has tamed the river and put an end to the damage caused by floods in this area. It is about time that the government started constructing more barrages to control flooding during the rainy season and to supply water throughout the year for irrigating more land so that Pakistan becomes self-sufficient in meeting its demands for grains, fruits and vegetables. In fact, proper water management can allow us to grow surplus food items, which we can then export and earn foreign exchange.