Computer Science (New) - For Class IX - UNIT. 2 - Fundamentals of Operating System - Descriptive Questions Answers

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Chapter No.2 - Fundamentals of Operating System
Descriptive Questions Answers

Q.1: Describe the different functions of Operating System?
Ans: Function Of Operating System:
Operating system manages every activity of a computer. It is the master control program that provides an interface for a user to communicate with computer. System software and application software run on operating system.
Operating System performs the following functions like:

• Booting
• Resource Management
• User Interface or Command Interpreter
• Memory Management
• Input / Output Management
• File Management
• Process Management
• User Management.

(i) Booting:

• Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system.
• It checks the computer resources and makes it ready to perform different tasks.

(ii) Resource Management:

• Operating system automatically manages all the hardware and software resources of a computer when application programs are executed by computer users.
• This includes allocation and de-allocation of processor, memory, access to shared cache memory and access to network resources.

(iii) User Interface or Command Interpreter:

• We interact with operating system through user interface or Command Interpreter.
• User Interface or command interpreter is one of the parts of operating system which reads the commands from user, interprets them and translates them into machine language instructions that the computer hardware can understand.

(iv) Memory Management

• Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs and data in need of these resources.

(v) Input / Output (I/O) Management

• It is the process of controlling the operations of all the I/O devices (such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer etc.) attached to computer.
• An Operating System provides the device driver to facilitate I/O functions involving I/O devices.
• These device drivers are software that control I/O devices through their controllers.

(vi) File Management

• It is a part of operating system that organize and keep tracks of computer files and folders.
• It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval, deleting, creating, naming or renaming, opening, moving, copying, searching, sharing and protection etc. of files.

(vii) Process Management

• It is an essential part of OS.
• A process is a job or activity to be performed by the system.
• Process management manages creation, deletion, suspension and resumption of processes.
• The term process refers to program code that has been loaded into a computer's memory for execution by the central processing unit (CPU).
• In a multi-programming system, there will be a number of computing processes.
• The operating system must ensure that each process gets a fair share of the CPU's time.
• The OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process should get. This function of OS is called process scheduling.

(viii) User Management

• User management is an important feature of operating system to maintain a secure computer system.
• The OS gives full control over a computer to a person known as administrator only.
• Administrator can install various programs and also creates and manage user accounts by assigning them a user name and password.
• In modern operating systems, user management describes the ability of administrators to control user access to various computer resources like software, I/O devices, storage system, networks, etc.
• Administrator creates and manage user accounts. The user is assigned a user name and password.

Q.2: Define interfaces of OS and user interface? Distinguish among various types of user interfaces of OS?
Ans: Interfaces Of OS:
An interface is a program that allows a user to interact with the computer or another computer over a network.

User Interface (UI):
A User Interface (UI) is the part of operating system, program, or devices that allows a user to enter and receive information. There are many types of User Interfaces.

Types Of Interface
Two most common user interfaces are:

• Command line interface (CLI)
• Graphical user interface (GUI)

(i) Command Line Interface (CLI):

• A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a screen or text based representation in which the user types the commands on place called prompt to operate the computer.
• In CLI, commands are given to computer with keyboard.
• Command contains string of characters.
• CLI is difficult to use because the user has to remember the commands and their syntax to perform any task but it is fast in use because text mode takes less resources.
• It was primarily provided to users by computer terminals on UNIX, and personal computers including MS-DOS and Apple DOS.

(ii) Graphical User Interface (GUI):

• A GUI provides a user friendly environment where user can interact with computers through graphical objects such as windows, menus, icons, buttons and other graphical objects.
• It is easy to use as users are supposed to just click on an icon or make choice in menus using pointing device (such as mouse).
• No need to memorize commands to run programs.
• GUI allows users to run more than one program at the same time.
• GUI is slower than CLI as graphical mode takes more memory and resources.
• Windows and IOS are the example of GUI.

Q.3: Discuss different types of OS
Ans: TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
The Operating System can be categorized as :

1. Single User and Multi-User OS
2. Batch Processing OS
3. Time Sharing OS
4. Real Time Processing OS

1. Single User And Multi-user Operating System:
Single User Operating System

• In a Single User Operating System, a single user can access the computer system at a time.
• These types of operating systems are commonly used.
• Resources of the computer, such as CPU. memory and input/output devices are not shared with other computers.
• It is used on microcomputers.
• User can open many programs at the sane time and switch among them as require.
• It requires less memory and costs less.
• Example: DOS for PCs and Windows (98, XP, 7, vista etc) for PCs are example of single user operating system.

Multi-user Operating System

• A Multi-User Operating System allows multiple users to access the computer at same time.
• The operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users according to the requirement.
• It shares the resources of the computer with other users over the network.
• It is used on minicomputers and mainframes.
• Users can communicate with each other and share files.
• A person known as administrator is responsible for assigning and managing user names and passwords.
• It requires a powerful CPU, large memory and large hard drives.
• It supports multiprogramming and time-sharing.
• Example: Windows NT, Linux and UNIX are the most common examples of the multi-user operating system.

2. Batch Processing Operating System

• General term of Batch Processing is used for programs that are executed with minimum human interaction.
• This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
• Each user prepares his job and submits it to the computer operator.
• To speed up processing; jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group by an operator.
• Batch processing systems are suitable for tasks where large amount of data has to be collected and processed on a regular basis.
• Function: The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep executing the jobs in a batch.
• Benefits:
  The benefits of batch processing are:
  i) Batch systems can be shared by multiple users.
  ii) The idle time for batch system is very less.
  iii) Next job starts just after the current one.
• For example: In credit card billing systems, all the data of credit card holders is collected and held until processed as a batch at the end of billing cycle.

3. Time Sharing Operating System

• Time sharing is a method that allows multiple users to share resources simultaneously.
• Multiple users can use specific computer at the same time in different places.
• A time sharing operating system is that in which from many tasks each task is given some time to execute so that all processes run smoothly without any problem.
• Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them.
• As the system switches rapidly from one task or user to the other, a short time slot is given to each task or user for their executions and all feel that system is not shared. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response.
• These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task.
• For example: In a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short time.

4. Real Time Processing Operating System (RT OS)

• A Real Time Processing Operating System is a time bound operating system which has fixed time limit to process information and produce a response.
• Processing has to be done within the defined time limit otherwise system will be failed.
• Parts Of RT OS
  Real Time Process System classified into two parts:
  i) Hard Real Time System
  ii) Soft Real Time System
  
  
• i) Hard Real Time System:
  a) A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time, even the shortest delay or urgency is not acceptable.
  a) Here system should meet the deadline.
  c) Example: Missile systems and Air Traffic Control System are best examples of Hard Real Time System.
  
  
• ii) Soft Real Time System:
  a) In this time constraint is less strict.
  b) The meeting of deadline is not compulsory for each task, every time.
  c) A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks until it completes.
  d) It does not guarantee that task will be completed in defined time but before a certain time and according to the priority.
  Example: Online Transaction System, Airline Ticket Reservation in which reservation could be delayed but should be done after checking available seats and completed before aeroplane flight, etc. are the examples of Soft Real Time System.

Q.4: Define software installation and demonstrate the installation process of Windows OS ?
Ans: SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
Software installation is the process of making programs ready for execution. Software installation or installer is a computer program that installs files, such as applications, drivers, or other software, onto a computer.
Software is installed onto a computer by various means. They can be downloaded from the internet. They can also be installed from an installation CD or DVD or from a USB flash drive.

Installing Windows Operating System

• Windows is the most commonly used operating system which is developed by Microsoft.
• Choosing an operating system depends upon the hardware that we have.
• To maintain compatibility between hardware and software, the operating system vendor specifies the minimum hardware requirement.

Minimum Hardware Requirement OR Configuration For Installing Windows 10

Processor	1GHz (speed of CPU should be at least 1 Gigahertz)
Memory	1GB for 32-bit or 2GB for 64-bit (RAM – Random Access Memory – a type of computer memory, 32 bit and 64 bit are data units)
Storage	32GB (hard disk space should be at least 32 Gigabytes)
Graphics card	DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver (graphics card is computer hardware that produces images seen on monitor screen)
Display	800 x 600 (computer monitor capability)

Major Steps For Installing Windows

• Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive
• Restart your Computer
• Wait for the first startup screen
• Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen
• Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence
• Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your installation source.
  a. USB Flash/USB Hard Disk
  b. USB CD/DVD ROM
  c. Internal CD/DVD ROM
• Select any option:
  a. Upgrade
  b. Customize Installation (Advance)
• Select any drive for installing your operating system
• Follow the on screen instructions

Q.5 : Why we installs office automation software in Windows? Demonstrate the installation process of Office Automation software in a computer?
Ans: Installing Office Automation Software
Windows is an Operating System which needs to install other software to make the best use of our computer.
Office Automation software is the most common software package that we install on our computers.

USES Or BENEFITS OR ADVANTAGES OF OFFICE AUTOMATION SOFTWARE
Office Automation software is a group of computer programs that help users in their daily work.
Generally MS Office is used in school lab, offices and other places.

PROGRAMS OF MS OFFICE
MS Office contains

• MS Word (Word processor)
• MS Excel (Spreadsheet)
• MS PowerPoint (Multimedia presentation)
• MS Access (Database management system)
• MS Publisher 
• MS Outlook (Email application)
• MS OneNote
• MS InfoPath

MAJOR STEPS OF INSTALLATION
Minimum Requirement For Ms-Office Installation

• Before installing MS- Office, make sure that hardware and software meet with the minimum requirements for the version of MS-Office that is going to install.
• The minimum requirements may differ from version to version.
• For MS- Office 2013 the minimum requirements are:
  i) 1.6 GHz processor
  ii) 1 GB RAM
  iii) 3 GB hard disk free space
  iv) minimum Windows 7 operating system and graphics driver.

Installation Process
To install MS- Office package we need to take following steps.

• Run the MS- Office setup from USB, DVD or Hard Disk backup.
• Check the box marked, 'I accept the terms of this agreement' and click on 'Continue'.
• Enter Product Key
• Click on Install Now or Customize procedure.
• Select the package which you want to install. Click on 'Install Now'.
• Then installation begins.
• MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the installation.

Computer Science (New) - For Class IX - UNIT. 2 - Fundamentals of Operating System - MCQs, Fill In The Blanks And Abbreviations

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Chapter No.2 - Fundamentals of Operating System
MCQs And Fill In The Blanks

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Choose the right answer:
1. The software which performs all basic tasks is:
a) antivirus
b) start menu
c) operating system ✓
d) office automation

2. A program that enables user to interact with computer is called:
a) my document
b) start menu
c) desktop
d) interface ✓

3. The process of checking computer, starting operating system and making it ready to work is referred to as:
a) resource management
b) booting ✓
c) error checking
d) File management

4. The number of user(s) that can access the resources simultaneously on a Multiuser OS is /are:
a) one
b) two
c) many ✓
d) only administrators

5. Which management controls the dynamic allocation and de-allocation of processor, memory, etc?
a) Resource ✓
b) File
c) I/O
d) User

6. In which operating system jobs are executed in groups?
a) Batch Processing ✓
b) Time Sharing
c) Single User
d) Real Time

7. The system that guarantees that critical tasks should be completed without shortest delay is:
a) Batch Processing
b) Hard Real Time ✓
c) Soft Real Time
d) Time Sharing

8. DOS is an example of:
a) Real Time Processing OS
b) Multi Processing OS
c) Single User OS ✓
d) Multi User OS

9. The group of programs that helps office workers to do a number of routine tasks easily and efficiently is called:
a) operating system
b) e-mail
c) anti-virus
d) office automation ✓

10. The operating system that allows frequent switching from one task to another is:
a) Batch Processing
b) Real Time Processing
c) Single User
d) Time Sharing ✓

11. Windows and IOS are example of:
a) Command line interface (CLI)
b) Graphic user interface (GUI) ✓
c) User management
d) Process management

12. Which interface is based on textual input:
a) GUI
b) CLI ✓
c) Menu-drive interface
d) Windows

13. Which of the following interface provides a user friendly environment:
a) GUI ✓
b) CLI
c) Menu-drive interface
d) DOS

14. Which of the following interface helps user to interact with computers through graphical objects such as menus, icons, buttons etc.
a) GUI ✓
b) CLI
c) Menu-drive interface
d) DOS

15. Which of the following interface is easy to use as users are supposed to just click on a picture to run commands without memorizing them.
a) GUI ✓
b) CLI
c) Menu-drive interface
d) DOS

16. GUI is _____ CLI as graphical mode takes more memory and resources.
a) faster than
b) slower than ✓
c) equal to
d) oppose to

17. In which operating system, a single user can access the computer system at a time.
a) Single user operating system ✓
b) Multi- user operating system
c) Batch process operating system
d) Time Sharing Operating System

18. Which types of operating systems are commonly used.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System
b) Multi- user operating system
c) Batch process operating system
d) Single user operating system ✓

19. DOS for PCs and Windows 98 for PCs are example of ______ operating system.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System
b) Single user operating system ✓
c) Batch process operating system
d) Multi- user operating system

20. The operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users according to the requirement.
a) Single user operating system
b) Multi- user operating system ✓
c) Batch process operating system
d) Time Sharing Operating System

21. Linux and UNIX are the most common examples of the multi-user operating system.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System
b) Single user operating system
c) Batch process operating system
d) Multi- user operating system ✓

22. _______is used for programs that are executed with minimum human interaction.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System
b) Single user operating system
c) Batch process operating system ✓
d) Multi- user operating system

23. Which type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
a) Single user operating system
b) Multi- user operating system
c) Batch process operating system ✓
d) Time Sharing Operating System

24 . The main function of a _________ system is to automatically keep executing the jobs in a batch.
a) Real Time Processing
b) Single user
c) Batch process ✓
d) Multi- user

25. In which operating system, multiple users can use specific computer at the same time in different places.
a) Single user operating system
b) Multi- user operating system
c) Batch process operating system
d) Time Sharing Operating System ✓

26. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System
b) Single user operating system
c) Time Sharing Operating System ✓
d) Multi- user operating system

27. In this system, processing has to be done within the defined time limit otherwise system will be failed.
a) Real Time Processing Operating System ✓
b) Batch process operating system
c) Time Sharing Operating System
d) Multi- user operating system

28. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control System are best examples of _______ System.
a) Batch process system
b) Soft Real Time System
c) Hard Real Time System ✓
d) Time Sharing System

29. Online Transaction systems, Airline Ticket Reservation, etc. are the examples of _______ System.
a) Batch process system
b) Soft Real Time System ✓
c) Hard Real Time System
d) Time Sharing System

30. _______ is the most commonly used operating system which is developed by Microsoft.
a) Mac OS
b) Windows ✓
c) Unix
d) Android

31. For installing Windows 10, we need speed of CPU (processor) should be at least ___ Gigahertz.
a) 1 ✓
b) 2
c) 3
d) 0

32. AVG, Avast, Avira and Kaspersky are some of the free _______ software.
a) Educational
b) Antivirus ✓
c) Antibacterial
d) Entertainment

Fill In The Blanks:

1. Operating system is the master control program that provides an interface for a user to communicate with computer.
2. A Multi-User Operating System allows multiple users to access the computer at same time.
3. A process is a job or activity to be performed by the system.
4. A User Interface (UI) is the part of operating system, program, or devices that allows a user to enter and receive information.
5. A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a screen or text based representation in which the user types prompt to operate the computer.
6. Command contains string of characters.
7. In a Command Line Interface (CLI), the user types the commands on place called prompt to operate the computer.
8. The real time operating system consists of Windows, Linux, etc.
9. In batch processing operating system each user prepares his job and submits it to the computer operator.
10. Time sharing is a method that allows multiple users to share resources simultaneously.
11. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
12. A Real Time Processing operating system is a time bound operating system.
13. A Real Time Processing operating system has fixed time limit.
14. A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time.
15. Soft Real Time System does not guarantee that task will be completed in dened time.
16. Software installation is the process of making programs ready for execution.
17. Software Installation means to put something in a new place, ready to be used.
18. Office Automation Software is a group of computer programs that help office workers in their daily work.
19. MS Office 2010 contains MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint and MS Outlook.
20. For MS- Office 2013 the minimum requirements is: 1.6 GHz processor.
21. For MS- Office 2013 the minimum requirements are: 1.6 GHz processor, 1 GB RAM, 3 GB hard disk.
22. For MS- Office 2013 the minimum Windows 7 operating system and graphics driver are required.

Abbreviations

• AVG: Anti-Virus Guard
• BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
• CHKDSK: Check disk
• CLI: Command Line Interface
• Del: Delete
• DOS: Disk Operating System
• GB: Gigabytes
• IOS: iPhone operating system
• LINUX: Lovable Intellect Not Using XP
• Mac OS: Macintosh operating system
• MS: Microsoft
• OS: Operating system
• UI: User Interface
• UNIX: Uniplexed Information and Computing System
• WDDM: Windows Display Driver Model
• WINDOWS: Wide Interactive Network Development for Office Work Solution

Computer Science (New) - For Class IX - IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS

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 ABBREVIATIONS

A

• AI: Artificial Intelligence 
• ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
• ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• ATM: Automated Teller Machine
• AVG: Anti-Virus Guard

B

• BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
• bps: bits per second

C

• © : Copyright
• CD: Compact Disk
• CHKDSK: Check disk
• Cisco: Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation
• CLI: Command Line Interface
• COBOL: Common business-oriented language
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• CRT: cathode ray tube
• CS: Computer Science
• CU : Control Unit

D

• DBA: Database Administrator
• DBMS: Database Management System
• DEC: Digital Equipment Corporation
• Del: Delete
• DOS: Disk Operating System
• DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
• DVD: Digital Versatile Disc
• 2D: Two dimension
• 3D: Three dimension

E

• EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
• EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• ER: Entity Relationship
• ERD: Entity Relationship Diagram
• ERM: Entity Relationship Model

F

• FDP / FPD:  Flat Panel Display
• FORTRAN: Formula translator
• FTP: File Transfer Protocol

G

• GB: Gigabytes
• GHz: gigahertz
• GPS: Global Positioning System
• GUI: Graphical User Interface
• 
  
• 3G, 4G and 5G: Third, fourth and fifth generation network respectively

H

• HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

I

• IBM: International Business Machines 
• ICs: Integrated Circuits
• ID: Identity
• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
• IETF: International Engineering Task Force
• IOS: iPhone operating system
• I/O Devices: Input /Output Devices
• IP: Internet Protocol 
• IPO: Intellectual Property Organization
• IPV4: Internet Protocol version 4
• IR: Infrared
• ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization
• IT: Information Technology
• ITU: International Telecommunication Union

K

• kbps: kilo bits per second

L

• LAN: Local Area Network
• LED: Light-Emitting Diode
• LINUX: Lovable Intellect Not Using XP
• LMS: Learning Management System 
• LSIC: Large Scale Integrated Circuits

M

• MAC: Macintosh
• Mac OS: Macintosh operating system
• Malware:  Malicious software
• MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
• mbps: megabits per second
• MHz: Megahertz
• MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• MongoDB: Mongo Data base
• MS: Microsoft
• MySql: My Structured Query Language

N

• NADRA: National Database Registration Authority
• NIC: Network Interface Card

O

• OBR: Optical Barcode Reader
• OCR: Optical Character Recognition
• OMG: Oh! My God
• OMR: Optical Mark Recognition
• Oracle: Operational Analog Computing and Logistic Equipment
• OS: Operating system
• OSI: Open Systems Interconnection

P

• PC /PCs: Personal computer / Personal computers
• PIN: Personal Identification Number

R

• RAM: Random Access Memory
• RDBMS: Relational Database Management Systems
• RF: Radio Frequency
• RGB: Red, Green and Blue
• ROM: Read Only Memory

S

• SD Card: Secure Digital
• SNR or S/N: Signal-to-noise ratio
• SQL: Structured Query Language
• SSD: Solid State Drive
• STP: Shielded Twisted Pair

T

• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• TM or ^TM :Trade Mark
• ToC: Table of Contents
• TV: Television

U

• UDP: User Datagram Protocol
• UI: User Interface
• ULSIC: Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits
• UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer 
• UNIX: Uniplexed Information and Computing System
• URL: Uniform Resource Locator
• USB: Universal Serial Bus
• UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair 

V

• VAX: Virtual Address eXtension
• VGA: Video Graphics Array
• VLSIC: Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
• VR: Virtual reality

W

• WAN: Wide Area Network
• WDDM: Windows Display Driver Model
• WiFi: Wireless Fidelity 
• WINDOWS: Wide Interactive Network Development for Office Work Solution
• www: World Wide Web
• WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get

English (Compulsory) For Class IX - Unit 8.6 - FUN - Solved Model paper II (Unit 5 - 8)

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Gazi's Diary

English (Compulsory) For Class IX
Unit 8.6 - FUN

SOLVED MODEL TEST PAPER II (Units 5-8)

READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following passage and answer the questions below:
Rice is a member of the grass family. Along with wheat and corn, it is one of the three crops on which human beings largely depend as food for survival. Rice is now one of the most important crops at the global level, as it is used as a staple food in most countries of the world and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. In the coming 30 years, the world will require 70% more rice than that it requires today.
Pakistan is the world's 4th largest producer of rice. Each year, it produces an average of 6 million tonnes and together with the rest of the South Asia, the country supplies 30% of the world's rice. Rice is Pakistan's third largest crop in terms of area sown, after wheat and cotton. About 11 percent of Pakistan's total agricultural area is rice during the summer or "Kharif" season.
Most of the rice is grown in the fertile Sindh and Punjab region, with millions of farmers relying on rice cultivation as their major source of employment. Both provinces account for about 87 percent of the total rice production. Punjab is the biggest producer of rice in the country and contributes 58 per cent to the national production, while the provinces of Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) contribute 29, 3 and 10 per cent, respectively.
The major rice producing areas in Punjab include Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Wazirabad, Gujrat, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Kasur,Jhang, and Okara. In Sindh, Jacobabad, Larkana, Badin, Thatta, Shikarpur, and Dadu are important rice cultivation areas. District Nasirabad in Baluchistan and some parts of KPK also have rice producing areas. The "Kalar" bowl area, located between the Ravi and Chenab rivers in Punjab, due to its agro-climatic and soil conditions, is famous for producing Basmati rice. In Swat at high altitude mountain valleys, the temperate Japonica rice is grown. In South KPK, Sindh and Baluchistan, the Irri type, which is a long grain, heat tolerant, tropical type of rice,is grown.
Among the most famous varieties grown in Pakistan, the Basmati is known for its flavour and quality. Pakistan is a major producer of this variety.The Basmati (Fine) type comprises 40% of all rice produced in Pakistan, while 60% of the rice produced is of the coarse types. Pakistan is a leading producer and exporter of Basmati and IRRI rice (white, long grain rice).
Rice ranks second among the staple food grain crops in Pakistan and its export is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. On an average the country produces around 6.0 million tonnes of rice annually and, after meeting domestic consumption of around 2.0 million tonnes, some 4.0 million tonnes are exported. The government should provide support to the rice growers and exporters and ensure that rice prices remain close to regional competitors.Growth of more and better quality rice and good government policies can help Pakistan compete in the world market and earn more foreign exchange.

Q.1: Read the text and complete the following sentences by selecting one option from those given.
A. The most suitable title for this passage is ______.
a. Rice is the staple food of the people of Pakistan
b. The future of the rice industry in Pakistan
c. Rice production in Pakistan ✓
d. Pakistan is the world's largest rice producing country

B. Most of the rice in Pakistan is grown in ______.
a. Punjab and KPK
b. Baluchistan and Sindh
c. KPK and Sindh
d. Sindh and Punjab ✓

C. Most of the Basmati rice is grown in an area that is located between the _____.
a. Chenab and Sutlej
b. Chenab and Beas
c. Chenab and Jhelum
d. Chenab and Ravi ✓

Q.2. Read the text and fill in the following blanks.
a. The three crops used as food by people all over the world are: wheat, cotton and rice.
b. Basmati rice is famous for its flavour and quality and Pakistan produces 40% of this type.
c. The three major crops of Pakistan are wheat, cotton and rice.
d. Pakistan exports two types of rice; these are Basmati and irri.
e. The total rice production of Pakistan, on an average, is 6 tonnes, of which the country uses 2 tonnes and exports 4 tonnes.

Q.3. The following statements are all incorrect. Read the text and write the correct statements.
a. Pakistan alone provides 30% of the world's rice.
Ans: Pakistan together with the rest of the South Asia provides 30% of the world's rice.

b. About 10,000 farmers in Pakistan depend on rice growing as their source of income.
Ans: Millions of farmers in Pakistan depend on rice growing as their source of income.

c. Punjab produces 87% of the rice produced in Pakistan.
Ans: Punjab produces 58% of the rice produced in Pakistan.

d. Sindh accounts for 10% of the rice produced in Pakistan.
Ans: Sindh accounts for 29% of the rice produced in Pakistan.

e. The government should ensure that rice prices remain close to international markets.
Ans: The government should ensure that rice prices remain close to regional markets.

Q.4. Read the text and answer the following questions.
a. Why is rice one of the most important crops in the world?
Ans: Rice is now one of the most important crops at the global level, as it is used as a staple food in most countries of the world and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future.

b. Why is the Kalarbowl area suitable for growing the Basmati rice?
Ans: The "Kalar" bowl area is suitable for growing Basmati rice due to its agro-climatic and soil conditions.

c. In KPK, which type of rice is grown in the high mountain valleys and which type is grown in the southern region?
Ans: In KPK, the temperate Japonica rice is grown in Swat at high altitude mountain valleys, and in South KPK, the Irri a tropical type of rice,is grown.

d. What kind of rice is the Irri rice?
Ans: The Irri rice is white, long grain, heat tolerant, tropical type of rice

e. How can Pakistan earn more foreign exchange through rice?
Ans: Growth of more and better quality rice and good government policies can help Pakistan compete in the world market and earn more foreign exchange.

GRAMMAR:

Q.6: Join the two simple sentences given below to form a compound sentence, by using and, but, because, as, so, as appropriate. You can use one word only once.
k. Sohail and Aslam practised a lot so they both got selected on the school tennis team.
I. Our house is very old but it is located near the new shopping area.
m. Sabiha was studying very hard because she wanted to get the first position in class.
n. Her aunt is a good doctor and she is also a good cook.
o. My uncle always comes to Pakistan in June as he loves the mangoes available here.

Q.7: Select the most appropriate synonym to complete the following sentences.
k) Everyone in the room was quiet, only the baby was crying. (still, quiet, noiseless)
l) The ring that my aunt gave me for my birthday is made of real gold. (true, correct, real)
m) The sea is very rough during the summer months. (disordered, violent, rough)
n) It is important that I reach the office on time every day as I want a promotion. (primary, important, significant)
o) He will be punished as his case is very weak. (weak, frail, fragile)

Q.B. Change the narration in the following dialogue.
a. "I hope that we get the bus tickets," said Daniyal.
Ans: Daniyal hoped to get the bus tickets.

b. "If we don't get the tickets we will miss the wedding," said Farhan.
Ans: Farhan said that If thay didn't get the tickets they would miss the wedding.

c. "Oh! Here is father," said Daniyal.
Ans: Daniyal exclaimed with excitement that there was father.

d. "He has tickets for all of us!" said Farhan.
Ans: Farhan exclaimed with excitement that he had tickets for all of them.

e. Salma said, "I wish we were going by train."
Ans: Salma wished that they had been going by train."

Q.9. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph using since/ for, as appropriate.
They have been living in this house 1 fifty years. They have been living here 2 his father was born. However, we have constantly been moving 3 the last fifteen years, ever 4 my father joined the army. It has been a long time 5 we have lived in any place 6 more than two years.
Ans: They have been living in this house for fifty years. They have been living here since his father was born. However, we have constantly been moving for the last fifteen years, ever since my father joined the army. It has been a long time since we have lived in any place for more than two years.

Q.10. Complete the following passage using the correct degree of the adverbs given. You can use each adverb only once.
quickly, carefully, well, slowly, hard, probably
The team was getting ready 1 so the coach had to remind them to move 2 if they did not want to be late for the match. He also reminded them to work 3 than last time because the team that performed 4 would be the winner. The team knew that if the planned 5 they would 6 win as the two main players of the opposite team were injured and were not playing.
Ans: The team was getting ready slowly so the coach had to remind them to move more quickly if they did not want to be late for the match. He also reminded them to work harder than last time because the team that performed well would be the winner. The tam knew that if the planned more carefully they would probably win as the two main players of the opposite team were injured and were not playing.

Q.11: Translate the following passage into Urdu / Sindhi.
1. The train left the station at two O'clock.
ٹرین دو بجے اسٹیشن سے نکلی۔

2. All the children were very happy.
تمام بچے بہت خوش تھے۔

3. They were going to Lahore for the first time.
وہ پہلی بار لاہور جا رہے تھے۔

4. They wanted to see the Shalimar Garden and the Badshahi Mosque.
وہ شالیمار گارڈن اور بادشاہی مسجد دیکھنا چاہتے تھے۔

5. They wanted to spend at least five days in Lahore, because there were so many places to see.
وہ کم سے کم پانچ دن لاہور میں گزارنا چاہتے تھے ، کیوں کہ وہاں دیکھنے کے لئے بہت سی جگہیں تھیں۔

6. They wanted to visit Minar-e-Pakistan on the Independent Day.
وہ یوم آزادی کے موقع پر مینار پاکستان کی سیر کرنا چاہتے تھے۔

Q.12: Provide quotation marks in the following dialogue.
a. Have you finished your work, Zarina? said her mother.
Ans: "Have you finished your work, Zarina?" said her mother.

b. No, replied Zarina. I still need to write an essay.
Ans: "No", replied Zarina. "I still need to write an essay."

c. Well, hurry up, our guests will be here soon, said her mother.
Ans: "Well, hurry up, our guests will be here soon", said her mother.

Q.13. Write an essay on any ONE of the following.

1. The importance of computers in our lives
2. Pakistan needs highly educated people in the field of agriculture
3. A family wedding

(Note: Click on topic to view essay)

Q.14. Write any ONE of the following.
a. Write a summary of the reading passage on Rice, given at the beginning of the paper.

Summary

Rice is now one of the most important crops of the world because it is used as a staple food in most countries. In the coming years, the world will require more rice than that it requires today. Pakistan is the world's 4th largest producer of rice. Rice is Pakistan's third-largest crop in terms of area sown.

Most of the rice is grown in Sindh and Punjab. Punjab is the biggest producer of rice in Pakistan and contributes 58 per cent to national production. ln Punjab, the "Kalar" bowl area is famous for producing Basmati rice. In KPK, at high altitude mountain valleys, the temperate Japonica rice is grown. In South KPK, Sindh and Baluchistan, the Irri type is grown.Famous variety of Pakistan is Basmati which is known for its flavour and quality. Pakistan is a leading producer and exporter of Basmati and IRRI rice.

Rice is the second staple food of Pakistan. Its export is a main source of foreign exchange earnings. The government should support the rice growers, exporters and take steps to control rice prices. With the help of more and better quality rice, Pakistan can compete in the world market and earn more foreign exchange.

b. Write an application to apply for a job of your choice.

Biology For Class IX - Chapter No.3 - Biodiversity - Questions and Answers

GO TO INDEX
CHAPTER 3
BIODIVERSITY
Questions and Answers

Q.1: Define biodiversity and write down importance of biodiversity?
Ans: DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY:
Biodiversity is the combination of two words; Bio (life), diversity (variation) thus it is defined as;

“The biodiversity or biological diversity is the degree of variation within or among the species exist on different regions of the earth”.

It is comprised of different organisms such as bacteria, protozoans, algae , fungi , animals and plants.

Importance of Biodiversity:

1. Biodiversity provides many beneficial products which includes fiber, oil, dyes, rubber, water, timber, paper and food.
2. It also stabilizes the ecosystem by recycling the nutrients, reduces the amount of pollution by means of forest and providing fertile soils.
3. Biodiversity also plays an important role in drug discovery and medicinal resources. Medicines from nature account for usage by 80% of the world's population.
4. It also beautifies the nature with lots of tress and animals found in different regions which enhances the tourism.
5. It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply.

Q.2: Define Classification? Write down aim and principle of classification?
Ans: CLASSIFICATION:

Biologists mapped the whole diversity of organisms exist on earth, into simple groups. To understand about the characteristics of specific organisms individually, is simply called classification.
OR

Classification is actually based on the similar and dissimilar characteristics what organisms shared with each other and by this biologists can easily study and identify the organisms.
OR

To study such a diverse pack of organisms exist on earth, biologists classified the organisms into groups and sub groups. This grouping of organisms is called biological classification.

AIMS OF CLASSIFICATION:
Taxonomy:

Biologists classified the organisms in order to make them study easily, so the science of classification is called Taxonomy. (Taxon=group, Nomy=naming)
OR

Taxonomy can be define as a branch of biology, which deals with the description, identification, classification and naming of living organisms according to structural similarities and dissimilarities.

Aim Of Classification:
The main aims of this branch are:

• To determine similarities and dissimilarities among organisms so that they can be studied easily.
• To find the evolutionary relationship among organisms.

BASIS AND PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION:
A system of classification is necessary because of the abundance of the variety of life on earth. There are currently around 1.5 million species that have been described and have been given scientific names. Some times it is impossible to classify organisms using external feature, therefore scientists use other characteristics to classify organisms.
Following basis and principle are used to classify living organism:

1. Morphological Structure:
   Some organisms share similar fundamental characteristics or functions. It is further explained by means of Morphology (external features of an organism) in which we study the organisms on the basis of their:
   i. Homologous are organs of different organisms which are similar in structure and have different functions e.g. The arm of a Human being and wings of a bird or bat, Arm of Human, cat, bat and flipper of whale.
   Analogous are organs of different organisms which are different in structure and have same functions. e.g. Wings of Butterfly and Bat.
   
2. Cytology: in which organisms are classified on the basis of cellular study.
   
3. Genetics: in which organisms are classified on the basis of genetic constitution and their development pattern.
   
4. Biochemistry: Biochemistry is also employed in which the chemical substances of the organisms are compared.

Q.3: What is taxonomic hierarchy? Draw ladder of Taxonomic hierarchy or Illustrate the units of classification?
Ans: Taxonomic Hierarchy:
The groups into which organisms are classified are known as taxonomic categories or taxa (singular taxon). The taxa are arranged in ascending order and form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy.

Ladder of Taxonomic hierarchy OR Units of classification:
Following are the units of Classification:

• Species: The smallest and basic unit of classification is species. Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with the fundamental similarities as a species. Thus all the members of the particular species share the similar structure and characteristics and can naturally interbreed to produce a fertile offspring. Each species possesses its own distinct structural, ecological and behavioral characteristics.
• Genera: Closely related species are grouped together into genera (singular-genus).
• Families: Similar genera are grouped together into families.
• Orders: families are grouped together into orders.
• Classes: orders are grouped together into classes.
• Phyla or Division: classes are grouped together into phyla or division.
• Kingdom:The kingdom is the highest taxon of classification. phyla or division are grouped together into kingdoms. All organisms are classified into five kingdoms. On the basis of similarities, each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa. (Phyla - Species)

Q.4: Write down classification of Human being and pea with common and scientific name.
Ans: Simple Classification of Human and Pea

Taxa	Human	Pea
Kingdom	Animalia	Plantae
Phylum	Chordate	Magnoliophyta
Class	Mammalia	Magnoliopside
Order	Primates	Fabales
Family	Hominidae	Fabaceae
Genus	Homo	Pisum
Species	Sapiens	Sativum
Scientific name	Homo sapiens	Pisum sativum
Common Name	Human	Pea

Q.5: Describe history of classification? Or What are the contributions of Aristotle, Abu usman Umer Aljahiz, Ernst Hackle, Édouard Chatton, Copeland, Robert Whittaker, and Carolus Linnaeus in taxonomy?
Ans: HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION:
The system that we still use today for giving scientific names to plants and animals has many founders, from the Greek philosopher Aristotle to the Swedish physician and botanist Carolus Linnaeus.

1. Contribution Of Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) in Taxonomy:

• Taxonomy's first father was the philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), sometimes called the "father of science."
• It was Aristotle who first introduced the two key concepts of taxonomy as we practice it today: classification of organisms by type and binomial definition.
• He grouped the types of creatures according to their similarities: animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live on water and animals that live on land.
• Book:
  Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all the kinds of animals in his book on Animals (Historia Animalium in Latin).

2. Contribution Of Abu usman Umer Aljahiz in Taxonomy:

• Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz was the first eminent Arab zoologist of the Muslim world.
• He used to slaughter animals for studying the internal organs of their bodies.
• He also opened the abdomen of pregnant animals to find out the number of embryos and the location of each one of them in the body.
• Book:
  His Encyclopedic work in seven big volumes Kitab al-Haywan (Book of Animals) is the most famous work on zoology, in which he has described in detail, the kinds of animals, their behavioral characteristics and their diseases and treatment.

3. Contribution Of Carolus Linnaeus:

• Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them.
• He divided nature into two kingdoms classification: Kingdom Plantea and Kingdom aAnimilia
• Carolus Linnaeus is considered as the father of Taxonomy.

4. Contribution Of Ernst Hackle in Taxonomy:

• Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new Kingdom named as Protista to accommodate the organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants and animals, or unique to their own such as Euglena, Bacteria were also placed under this kingdom.
• He introduced three kingdom classification: Kingdom Plant , Kingdom Animal and kingdom Protista.

5. Contribution Of Edouard Chatton in Taxonomy:

• In 1937, Édouard Chatton clearified the concept of procariotique and Eucariotique to describe the cellular characteristics of organisms.

6. Contribution Of Copeland (1959) in Taxonomy:

• Copeland (1959) came forward with a four kingdom system to classify the living beings.
• He designed a new kingdom named as Monera to place all the lower protists which include prokaryotic unicellular organisms and remaining single celled eukaryotic organisms were included in Protista.

7. Contribution Of Robert Whittaker:

• Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into Five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate kingdom.
• This system of classification was based on; Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs (animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi).

Q.6: How living organisms are classified into two kingdom classification? Also show the two  classification of two organism in tabular form.
Ans: Two Kingdom classification:
Previously, the organisms were classified into two groups (Kingdom). These two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linnaeus. He is considered as the father of Taxonomy.
These two kingdoms  were:

• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

Basis Of Two Kingdom Classification
Plant Kingdom

• All the organisms possess cell wall were placed in plant kingdom.
• Organs of locomotion  are absents. (They can not move from  one place to another by their own.)
• Chlorophyll is present.
• Plants are autotrophic in nature. (They can prepare their own food.)
• Conductile and contractile system is absent.
• Response to external stimuli is slow.
• e.g.: Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymno-Sperms, and angiosperms.

Animal Kingdom:

• All the organisms do not possess cell wall were placed in animal kingdom.
• Locomotory organs are present. (They can move from one place to another.)
• Chlorophyll is absent. 
• They are heterotrophic in nature. (They can not prepare their own food and depends on other plants and animals for their food.)
• Conductile and contractile system is present.
• Response to external stimuli is fast.
• e.g.: Invertebrates (including protozoa), Vertebrate

KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION IN TABULAR FORM

Q.7: How living organisms are classified into three kingdom classification? Draw chart showing three kingdom classification.
Ans: Three Kingdom classification
Ernst Hackle in 1866, gave the three kingdoms system of classification (1866) i.e.:

• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

Basis of Three Kingdom Classification:
Kingdom Protista:

• Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new Kingdom named as Protista.
• The organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants and animals, or unique to their own such as Euglena, Bacteria were also placed under this kingdom.
• Haeckel grouped those living organisms in Protista which did not have tissues.
• Kingdom Protista includes prokaryotes, protozoa, porifera, algae and fungi.
• In 1930s, electron microscopy revealed, two distinct patterns among single celled organisms. Kingdom Protista is further divided to:
• (a) Lower protists include prokaryotic unicellular Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
  (b) Higher protists include eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular organisms such as fungi algae.
• In 1937, Édouard Chatton clearified the concept of procariotique and Eucariotique to describe the cellular characteristics of organisms.

Q.8: Describe in details four kingdom classification? Also draw chart to illustrate four kingdom classification.
Ans: Four kingdom classification:
After the clear concept for kingdom Protista, Copeland (1959) came forward with a four kingdom system to classify the living beings, i.e.:

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Metaphyta (Plantae)
4. Kingdom Metazoa (Animalia)

Basis of Four Kingdom Classification:
Kingdom Monera:

• Copeland designed a new kingdom named as Monera in 1959.
• He placed all the lower protists in kingdom Monera.
• It includes prokaryotic unicellular organisms and remaining single celled eukaryotic organisms.
• Examples are Bacteria and Blue Green algae

Q.9: Describe in detail five kingdom classification. Also draw a linkage chart to show the establishment of Five Kingdom System that includes Two to Five Kingdom classification. 
Ans: Five Kingdom Classification:
Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into Five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate kingdom.

1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Fungi
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia

Basis Of Five Kingdom Classification
This system of classification was based on:

• Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
• Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs (animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi).

Five Kingdoms Of Classification:
(i) Kingdom Monera:

• It includes all the prokaryotes i.e. they are made of prokaryotic cells.
• Monerans are unicellular, although some types form chains, clusters, or colonies of cells.
• Cell wall is present which is made up of (Polysaccharide + amino acid) or cellulose.
• Nuclear membrane is Absent.
• Cell organelles are absent.
• They are Motile or non motile. Most are heterotrophic (saprophyte/ parasite) but some are autotrophic (chemosynthetic photosynthetic) i.e they perform photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll in their cytoplasm.
• Example: Bacteria and cyanobacteria.

(ii) Kingdom Protista:

• It is the place for all the eukaryotic unicellular organisms, except yeast which some of them have the features of both plant and animal like.
• Cell wall is Present in some Protists.
• Nuclear membrane is present. Cell has membrane-bound cell organelles. Most protists are aquatic.
• All protists are motile. they can move in water through cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
• Example: It includes protozoa (Amoeba and Paramecium) and unicellular algae.

(iii) Kingdom Fungi:

• It includes all the multicellular eukaryotic fungi.
• They are Achlorophyllous, absorptive heterotrophs.
• They have cell wall made up of mainly chitin.
• Nuclear membrane is present.
• They have loose tissue.
• They are non-motile.
• They have a body called Mycelium which is made up of a thread like structure called hyphae.
• Example: Mushroom, Mucor etc.

(iv) Kingdom plantae:

• It includes all the multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms.
• Plants are autotrophic in nutritional mode, making their own food by photosynthesis.
• They have true cell wall mainly made up of cellulose.
• Nuclear membrane is present.
• They have tissues or organs.
• Most plants don't move but they grow and move towards light.
• Example: It includes multicellular Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperms.

(v) Kingdom Animalia:

• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic.
• They are ingestive heterotrophs (depends on other organisms for their food).
• They lack cell wall and show movements.
• Nuclear membrane is present. They have well developed tissues, organs and organ systems. They have well developed locomotory organs and move from one place to another. It includes all vertebrates and invertebrates except protozoa.
• Example: Star fish, Kangaroo etc.

Linkage Chart To Show The Establishment Of Five Kingdom System

Q.10: What do you mean by Binomial Nomenclature? Write down the purpose and principle of binomial nomenclature? Or Write a short note on Binomial Nomenclature?
Ans: BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778 AD) Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them. This scientific system is called Binomial Nomenclature.

PURPOSE:
Through a system of nomenclature in which each species of animal, plant or others receives “binomial” name means the scientific name of a species consists of two names, of which:
The first identifies the genus to which it belongs and
the second the species itself or its specific names

PRINCIPLES FOR BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:

• Some of the rules which are universally adopted for writing scientific name of a species are:
• Italicized or Underlined:
  Scientific name of any organisms should be italicized when printed, such as Homo sapiens and when handwritten these are underlined.
• Caption According:
  The first word of the name is generic always started with capital letter, while second term is species which is never capitalized.
• Use Of Initial For Genus:
  When the scientific name is written first time, it is written full but when it is repeated several times, it is abbreviated. For example; The scientific name of the red rose is Rosa indica, it is abbreviated as R.indica.
• Use Of Author Name:
  Sometimes the author name appears after species name which means the species was described by Him. For example; (mango plant) Mangifera indica L. It means Mangifera indica was first described by Linnaeus.

Q.11: Write down biological or scientific name of following common plants and animals. Onion plant, Mango plant, Neem plant, Frog, Cat, potato, matar, china rose and Dog.
Ans: Biological or Scientific Name

S.NO.	COMMON NAME	BIOLOGICAL OR SCIENTIFIC NAME
PLANTS
1.	Onion plant	Allium cepa
2.	Mango plant	Mangifera indica L.
3.	Neem plant	Azadirachta indica
4.	Potato	Solanum tuberosum
5.	Pea (matar)	Pisum sativum
6.	china rose	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
ANIMALS
1.	Frog	Rana tigrina
2.	Cat	Felis catus
3.	Dog	Canis familiaris
4.	Housefly	Musca domestica

Q.12: Name three different species belongs to same Genus.
Ans: Genus: Panthera
1. Species: pardus
Scientific name: Panthera pardus
Common name: Leopard

2. Species: leo
Scientific name: Panthera leo
Common name: Lion

3. Species: onca
Scientific name: Panthera onca
Common name: Jaugar

4. Species: tigris
Scientific name: Panthera tigris
Common name: Tiger

5. Species: uncia
Scientific name: Panthera uncia
Common name: Snow leopard

Q.13: Define conservation of biodiversity? Give reasons to conserve biodiversity?
Ans: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
. “Conservation simply is the way of caring, saving the species, inhabit on earth from dangers”.

REASON TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY:
Biologists warned that global ecosystem would be collapsed if biodiversity continues to be reduced at the same rate. Therefore, it is mandatory to conserve life on earth in order to make nature stable.
Some of the key points are highlighted below:

• To conserve Biological Resources:
  Human should conserve biodiversity because of its benefit for example services and biological resources which are essential to live our life on earth.
• To Conserve Ecosystem:
  Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species can easily survive in their habitat, if the one will not conserve biodiversity, so food chain and ecosystem will be imbalanced.
• To Conserve Life (Fauna and Flora):
  With more plants, trees and animals, the soil improved and became stronger - less prone to erosion, drought and flooding.

Q.14: Describe the problems associated to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan?
Ans: Problems associated to conserve biodiversity in Pakistan:
The article from 2009 “Biodiversity in Pakistan Key issues”, identified some of the primary challenges to implement Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) are:

1. Lack of awareness of environmental issues on the part of decision makers and civil society.
2. Weak governance (slow decision-making processes, inability to conceptualize policy, and lack of distinction between public and private interests).
3. Weak capacity of government departments (lack of individual capacity and incentives for performance).
4. Lack of funding.

Q.15: Describe the problems associated to conserve biodiversity due to human intervention?
Ans: Problems associated to conserve biodiversity due to human intervention:
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reported that 75 percent of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost, 75 percent of the world's fisheries are over exploited, and one-third of coral reefs are threatened with extinction. Man is the factor, which is directly involved in the destruction of biodiversity.

Impact of human activities on Biodiversity

S.NO.	Human activities	Biodiversity is effected
1.	Urbanization or industrialization	Overpopulation leads to the need of buildings.
2.	Deforestation	Soil erosion, Plant life destroy, Low rainfall, Climate change.
3.	Pollution	Global Warming
4.	Over-hunting	Direct killing of wild animals, Causes of Animal Extinction, Habitat Destruction

Thus climate changes are not the only pressure on our environments. Habitat loss and degradation, pollution, over exploitation, and invasive species also play significant roles in biodiversity decline. These pressures are because of human invading activity.

Q.16: Define deforestation? Also describe the causes and effects of deforestation on biodiversity?
Ans: Deforestation:
Forests play a vital role on our planet but man is destroying this natural beauty by cutting them down for his sake and comfort.

“The cutting down of trees for the conversion of forest into non forest land is known as Deforestation”.

Causes of Deforestation:
Deforestation is done deliberately due to the:

• Mining
• paper making
• urbanization
• timber
• for making roads and Agriculture Expansion
• Livestock breeding.

Effects of Deforestation:
Deforestation result with the great loss in Biodiversity such as;

• Increase in the concentration of green house gases (carbon dioxide, Methane, water vapour, Nitrous oxide etc.) which leads to Global warming.
• Temperature will be high that causes glaciers melting which is the reason of raising sea level and causes flood.
• It is also the reason of habitat loss of wild life.
• Soil erosion, low rainfall due to no transpiration are also the result of Deforestation.

Q.16: Differentiate all the five kingdoms of classification
Ans:

Q.17: Name three organisms which are not included in the five kingdom classification system?
Ans: Virus, Prions and Viroids are acellular particles and are not included in the five kingdom classification system.

Q.18: Why forests are necessary on our planet?
Ans: Benefits Of Forest:

• Forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet.
• They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife.
• Many of the world's most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and billions of people rely on its benefits.
• Forests offer food, fresh air, clothing, medicine and shelter.
• Forests play a critical role in reducing climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns.

Q.19: Write a short note on "Pakistan need to conserve biodiversity"? Graphically represent that biodiversity at risk?
Ans: Pakistan Biodiversity:

• Pakistan is one of few countries in the world to have every kind of geological structure. The geography of Pakistan is a blend of landscapes, such as plains, deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.
• There are coastal areas along the Arabian Sea and mountains of the Karakoram Range in the north part of Pakistan.
• This diversity contains diversified habitats and landscapes that support a rich biodiversity of both fauna and flora (animals and plants respectively).
• Arid and semi-arid regions covering almost 80% of the total land area of the country possess significant portion of country's biodiversity.

Reasons " Pakistan Need To Conserve Biodiversity":

• During the last two-three decades, a number of animal and plant species have become threatened or endangered mainly due to over exploitation and loss of natural habitat.
• Factors like deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and water logging are posing major threats to the remaining biodiversity of the country.
• The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation's other natural and agricultural ecosystems.
• To overcome all these problems biodiversity should be paid attention in order to conserve or save the organisms from being endangered.

Q.20: Draw a table to show the impact of human activities on Biodiversity.
Ans:

Q.21: Draw a pie chart to show the Causes of Animal Extinction?
Ans:

Q.22: Distinguish between prokaryotes (cell) and Eukaryotes (cell)
Ans: Difference Between Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cell) and Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cell)

S.NO.	Prokaryotic	Eukaryotic
1.	Most prokaryotes are unicellular.	Most eukaryotes are multicellular.
2.	The nucleus is poorly defined due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.	The nucleus is well defined and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
3.	Nucleolus is absent.	Nucleolus is present.
4.	Cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc. are absent.	Cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, etc. are present.
1	Bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotic cells.	Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.