Chapter 13 - Shahariyon K Haqooq Ka Tahafooz Aur Idaaro Ka Kirdaar - Pakistan Studies (مطالعہ پاکستان - دہم کلاس کے لۓ) - Short Question Answer

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تیرھواں باب- شہریوں کے حقوق کا تحفظ اور اداروں کا کردار
مختصر سوال جواب

Chapter No.13 - Protection Of Citizen's Rights And The Role of Institutions - Short Question Answers - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHT AND ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS

Short Question Answer

Q.1: Which institution is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court"?
Ans: The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court".

Q.2: Who is Ombudsman (Mohtasib)?
Ans: An Ombudsman is an official appointed by the government or by parliament with a significant degree of independence. He/she is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of maladministration or violation of rights.

Q.3: Write down or describe the ways of filing complaint in the office of Ombudsman?
Ans: Ways of Filing Complaint:
A complaint in the office of Ombudsman may be lodged in a number of ways:

• Complainant may file it by post, fax or in person.
• It may also be registered through email or can be filed online using the direct link provided on the website of the Ombudsman.

Upon receipt of complaint, the Registrar processes the complaint and allocates a unique number to each case on the same day.

Q.4: How and why did women Ombudsperson in Pakistan come into being?
Ans: Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan:
This institution came into being as a result of "Protection against Harassment of women at workplace act, 2010, passed by the parliament of Pakistan. The legislation has been enacted with the objective of protecting the women from harassment at workplace and for effective redressal of their complaints of harassment.

Q.5: Write down or describe the functions of Ministry of Human Rights or Federal Ministry of Human Rights?
Ans: Functions of Federal Ministry of Human Rights:
There are a number of functions of Ministry of Human Rights. Few most important functions are given as under:

• To review human rights and protection of labour rights situation in the country including implementation of laws, policies and measures.
• To coordinate activities of Ministries, Divisions and Provincial Governments in respect of human rights and facilitation of functions relating to Human Rights.
• To obtain information, documents and reports on complaints and allegations of human rights violations from Ministries, Divisions, Provincial Governments and other agencies.
• To refer and recommend investigations and inquiries in respect of any incident of violation of human rights, including rights of the disadvantaged and child rights.
• To pursue or defend issues, complaints representations and matters for and against Pakistan relating to human rights.

Q.6: What do you know about the Human Rights Cell (HRC), Supreme Court of Pakistan? OR Write few lines about the Human Right Cell of Supreme Court of Pakistan?
Ans: Human Rights Cell (HRC), Supreme Court of Pakistan:
The Human Rights Cell is established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.

• It deals with the applications received directly from public against the violation of Human Rights in Pakistan.
• Main purpose of the establishment of this cell is to provide speedy relief to public at large without any cost.
• There are many functions of Human Rights Cell.
• It receives application from public through email or by post. HRC send letters to concerned parties and seek report regarding the contents/ paras of complaint.
• Moreover, it provides speedy justice to public on administrative side as well.
• An overseas complaint cell is also established to deal with the applications of overseas Pakistanis.

Q.7: Write down or describe the objectives of Human Rights Department, Government of Sindh?
Ans: Objectives Of Human Rights Department, Government of Sindh:
In the recent past, Government of Sindh has established Department of Human Rights. The main objective of this department is to ensure the human rights of all people in the province. The department has established a Human Rights complaint cell in order to entertain various complaints about the violation of human rights in Sindh.

Chapter No.13 - Protection Of Citizen's Rights And The Role of Institutions - Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHT AND ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS
Text Book Exercise

Q.1: Elucidate the role of the ombudsperson in redressal of public grievance?
Ans: ROLE OF OMBUDSPERSON IN REDRESSAL OF PUBLIC GRIEVANCE:
Institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib):
The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court". It has been serving the people of Pakistan in a significant manner for more than three decades.
Ombudsman
An Ombudsman is an official appointed by the government or by parliament with a significant degree of independence. He/she is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of maladministration or violation of rights.

Role:
Its role in enforcing administrative accountability ensures that public service activities in particular the exercise of decision-making, powers are carried out not only appropriately but in a manner that is consistent with fairness.

Purpose:

• The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person.
• The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration.
• This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen in order to improve administrative processes and procedures.
• The institution of Ombudsman helps to curb misuse of discretionary powers.
• The Ombudsman is empowered to understand and investigate the grievances of a common aggrieved man.
• The role of ombudsperson is to provide protection against harassment of women.
• For achieving the objectives, the Ombudsman Office has been made the most accessible institution to the public.

Q.2: Write a short note on following:

1. What is the role of Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan?
2. What is the role of Human Rights Cell established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan?

➢ What is the role of Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan. OR Describe the role of Women Ombudsman in Pakistan to resolve the issues faced by women including domestic violence.
Ans:Role Of Women ombudsperson in Pakistan:
This institution came into being as a result of "Protection against Harassment of women at workplace act, 2010, passed by the parliament of Pakistan.

Role:
The legislation has been enacted with the objective of protecting the women from harassment at workplace and for effective redressal of their complaints of harassment.

Objective:

• The Act is meant to provide relief against acts of harassment to any man or woman who is a regular or contractual employee whether employed on the daily, weekly, monthly or hourly basis and includes an intern or an apprentice.
• The objective of this Act is to create a safe working environment for women, which is free of harassment, abuse and intimidation with a view toward- fulfillment of their right to work with dignity.

Way Of Filing Complaint:
The aggrieved person can lodge complaint through online mechanism free of cost or by post to the women ombudsperson in Islamabad or their focal persons in the provinces.

➢ What is the role of Human Rights Cell established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. OR Explain the role of Human Rights Cell (HRC) regarding protection of rights in Pakistan.
Ans: Role Of Human Rights Cell, Supreme Court of Pakistan
The Human Rights Cell is established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Role:
It deals with the applications received directly from public against the violation of Human Rights in Pakistan.

Purpose:
Main purpose of the establishment of this cell is to provide speedy relief to public at large without any cost.

Functions:

• There are many functions of Human Rights Cell.
• It receives application from public through email or by post. HRC send letters to concerned parties and seek report regarding the contents/ paras of complaint.
•  Moreover, it provides speedy justice to public on administrative side as well.
• An overseas complaint cell is also established to deal with the applications of overseas Pakistanis.

Q.3:What are the functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan?
Ans: Functions of Federal Ministry of Human Rights:
There are several functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan:

• To review human rights and protection of labour rights in the country without any delay or discrimination.
• To coordinate activities of Ministries, Divisions and Provincial Governments in order to facilitate the functions to human rights.
• To collect information, documents and reports on complaints and allegations of human rights violation from Ministries, Divisions, Provincial Governments and other agencies.
• To refer inquiries or investigations in respect of any incident of violation of human rights.
• To pursue or defend issues, complaints representations and matters for and against Pakistan relating to human rights.

Q.4: Identify various forms of harassment in your area and write a detailed Note on any two of them.
Ans: There are various forms of harassment in our area, but some common forms of harassment are:

1. Verbal harassment / Bullying / Stalking
2. Derogatory jokes
3. Racial harassment / Racial Slurs
4. Personal Insults 
5. Gender harassment / Sexual harassment
6. Physical harassment / Disability based harassment etc
7. Religious harassment
8. Political harassment

Verbal harassment:
A verbal harasser can simply be someone who is consistently unpleasant and degrades others. Verbal harassment can include insulting words, cursing, yelling, or threats someone in private or public. Verbal harassment results from different personality conflicts. Although verbal harassment is not illegal. But it is disagreeable and annoying others.

Disability-Based Harassment:
Disability-based harassment is very common in our society. It is always directed towards individuals who either:
(i) suffer from a disability themselves
(ii) are acquainted with a disabled person or people.
(iii) use disability services (sick leave or worker's comp)
A person with a disability may experience harassment in the form of harmful teasing, patronizing comments, refusals to reasonably accommodate or isolation.

Sexual harassment:
Sexual harassment is the most common harassment on the basis of gender. Mostly females are affected by sexual harassment particularly at workplace or sometimes in public place. The men are less affected by sexual harassment as compare to women. It includes physical contact, verbal contact, or sometimes inappropriate use of gestures.

Racial harassment:
Mostly people are harassed because of race, ethnicity, country or citizenship. This is a form of racial harassment.
A victim may experience racial harassment because of their skin color, race, ancestry, origin, country or citizenship status. Even perceived attributes of a certain ethnicity (curly hair, accents customs, beliefs or clothing) may be the cause.
Racial harassment might include:

• Racial slurs
• Racial insults
• Racist jokes
• Degrading comments
• Racial disgust
• Intolerance of difference and other behaviors.

OR

Racial harassment:
Racial harassment also exists in our society and it has several bad impacts on the people who are being harassed. This harassment occurs due to the superiority complex on the basis of race, language and culture. This social ill can be diagnosed and treated through proper counseling.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the poor man’s court.
2) The Ombudsman has the same powers, mutatis mutandis, as the civil court has to punish any person for its contempt.
3) Parliament of Pakistan passed the Protection against Harassment of Women at workplace Act in 2010.

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Chapter 13 - Shahariyon K Haqooq Ka Tahafooz Aur Idaaro Ka Kirdaar - Pakistan Studies (مطالعہ پاکستان - دہم کلاس کے لۓ) - Detailed Question Answer

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تیرھواں باب - شہریوں کے حقوق کا تحفظ اور اداروں کا کردار
تفصیلی سوال جواب

سوال نمبر ۱: عوامی شکایات کی دادرسی میں محتسب کے کردار پر روشنی ڈالیے۔ یا پاکستان میں محتسب کے کردار پر روشنی ڈالیں؟
جواب: محتسب اداره کا کردار:
محتسب کے ادارہ:
اس ادارے کو عام طور پر غریب کی عدالت " سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ یہ پاکستان کے لوگوں کی تین دہائیوں سے زیادہ عرصے سے اہم خدمت انجام دیتا چلا آرہا ہے۔

محتسب:
محتسب ایک سرکاری عہدیدار ہوتا ہے، جسے حکومت یا پارلیامنٹ کی جانب سے خود مختاری کے عہدے پر فائز کیا جاتا ہے۔ اسے بد انتظامی کی شکایات پر توجہ دینے یا حقوق کی خلاف ورزی کی تفتیش کے ذریعے مفاد عامہ کی نمائندگی کرنے کی ذمے داری سونپی جاتی ہے۔

محتسب کا کردار:
انتظامی احتساب پر عمل درآمد کرانے سے ان کے کردار سے یقین دہانی ہوتی ہے، کہ عوامی خدمات کی سر گرمیوں، خصوصاً فیصلہ سازی کے لیے اختیارات کا استعمال نہ صرف مناسب ہو بلکہ مستقل منصفانہ ہو۔

محتسب کا مقاصد:

• محتسب کا مقصد، کسی شخص سے ہونے والی کسی نا انصافی کی تفتیش اور درستگی کے عمل کے ذریعے، انتظامی احتساب پر عملدرآمد کرانے کے نظام کو ادارے کا روپ دینا ہوتا ہے۔
• محتسب کو ان لوگوں کو ہر جانہ یا معاوضہ دینے کا اختیار ہوتا ہے، جن کو بد انتظامی کے نتیجے میں نقصان یا خسارہ ہوتا ہے.
• اس ادارے کا مقصد، شہری اور منتظم کے درمیان حائل دوڑی کو ختم کرنا ہوتا ہے ، تاکہ انتظامی طریقہ کار اور عملدرآمد کی کاڑوائی کو بہتر بنایا جائے۔
• محتسب کا اداره، صوابدیدی اختیارات کے غلط استعمال کو روکنے میں مڈ کرتا ہے۔
• ;محتسب کو اختیار دیا گیا ہے، کہ وہ عام متاثرہ شخص کی شکایات وصول کرے ، سمجھے اور ان کی تفتیش کرے۔
• مقاصد کے حصول کی خاطر محتسب کا ادارہ، عوام کے لیے بہت زیادہ قابل رسائی ادارہ بنایا جا چکا ہے۔

سوال نمبر ۲: محتسب کے اختیارات اور فرائض بیان کیجیے؟
جواب: محتسب کے اختیارات اور فرائض:
قانون، محتسب کو اختیار دیتا ہے، کہ وہ کسی بھی محکمہ، کمیشن یا حکومت کے ادارے، یا نیم ۔ خود مختیار کارپوریشن یا حکومت کی جانب سے تشکیل کردہ یا ضا بطے میں چلنے والے کسی دوسرے ادارے کے خلاف درج ہونے والی شکایات پر کاڑوائی شروع کرے۔
اس میں ہائی کورٹ اور وہ عدالتیں شامل نہیں ہیں، جو ہائی کورٹ یا صوبائی اسمبلی اور ان کے سیکریٹریٹ کی نگرانی میں کام کرتی ہیں۔

فرائض:

• محتسب کسی بھی متاثرہ شخص کی شکایت پر ، حکومت یا صوبائی اسمبلی کی جانب سے کسی دائر کردہ ریفرنس پر یا سپریم کورٹ یا ہائی کورٹ کی تحریک پر یا اس کی اپنی ذاتی تحریک (سوو موتو) پر کسی ادارے کی جانب سے یا اس کے افسران یا ملازمین کی جانب سے 'بد انتظامی کے الزام پر تفتیش کی ذمہ داری سنبھال سکتا ہے۔
• بہر حال، محتسب کو ان معاملات کی تحقیقات کرنے یا تفتیش کرنے کا اختیار نہیں ہے ، جو کہ:
  (الف)کسی بآختیار عدالت کے سامنے عدالتی کاروائی کا حصہ ہوـ
  (ب) پاکستان کے بیرونی معاملات سے متعلق ہو یا پاکستان کے دفاع یا پاکستان کی بری افواج، بحری افواج اور ہوائی افواج سے متعلق ہو یا وہ سے متعلق ہو یا افواج سے منسلک قوانین کے دائرہ اختیار میں آتے ہوـ
• محتسب کسی سرکاری ملازم یا ارادے کی جانب سے یا ان کی جانب سے کسی دوسرے شخص کی داخل کردہ ذاتی یا ملازمت سے متعلق شکایت پر تحقیقات کی بھی کاروائی شروع نہیں کر سکتا، جس کا کوئی معاملہ ایسی ایجنسی سے منسلک ہو، جس میں وہ سرکاری ملازم ملازمت کر چکا ہو یا ملازمت کرتا ہو، کہ وہ شکایت ذاتی شکایت ہو یا اس ادارے میں اس کی ملازمت سے متعلق ہوـ

اختیارات

• محتسب کے وہی اختیارات ہیں، جو کسی دیوانی عدالت کو سول پروسیجر کوڈ کے تحت کسی شخص کو پیشی پر طلب کرنے اور اس کی حاضری کو یقینی بنانے کے لیے حاصل ہیں۔
• محتسب دستاویزات کو پیش کرنے پر مجبور کرنے، دستاویزات پر گواہی لینے اور گواہوں سے تفتیش کے لیے ہدایت جاری کر سکتا ہے۔
• محتسب کو کسی چار دیواری میں داخل ہونے، تلاشی لینے اور کسی شے، مالیاتی اور دیگر دستاویزات کا جائزہ لینے کے اختیارات حاصل ہیں۔
• محتسب کے پاس، چند تبدیلیوں کے ساتھ، ہائی کورٹ کی طرح وہ یکساں اختیار ہوتے ہیں، جیسا کہ اس کی طرف سے دیے گئے کسی فیصلہ یا محکم کی توہین پر کسی شخص کو سزا دینے کا اختیار حاصل ہے۔

سوال نمبر ۳: درج ذیل پر مختصر نوٹ لکھیے :
(الف) پاکستان میں خاتون محتسب کا کیا کردار ہے؟
(ب) سپریم کورٹ کی جانب سے قائم کردہ شعبہ انسانی حقوق (HRC) کا کیا کردار ہے؟
(ج) پاکستان میں وزارت انسانی حقوق کے فرائض کون سے ہیں؟
(د) اپنے علاقے میں ہراساں کرنے کے مختلف طریقوں کو پہچانے اور ان میں سے دو کوئی طریقوں پر تفصیلی نوٹ لکھیے۔
(الف) پاکستان میں خاتون محتسب کا کیا کردار ہے؟
جواب: پاکستان میں خاتون محتسب کا کردار:
پاکستان میں خاتون محتسب ملازمت اور کام کاج کے مقامات پر خواتین کو ہراساں کرنے اور خوفزدہ کرنے کے خلاف تحفظ ایکٹ ۲۰۱۰ء کے تحت یہ ادارہ وجود میں آیا، جسے پاکستان کی پارلیامنٹ نے منظور کیا تھا۔

کردار:
اس قانون کو ملازمت اور کام کاج کے مقامات پر خواتین کو ہر اساں اور خوف زدہ کرنے کی شکایت پر فوری طور پر مؤثر ازالے کے غرض سے نافذ کیا گیا ہے۔

مقصد:

• اس قانون کا مقصد کسی بھی مرد یا خاتون کو دھمکی یا ہراساں کی سرگرمیوں کے خلاف مڈ فراہم کرنا ہے، جو مستقل یا کانٹریکٹ کے تحت عارضی ملازم ہو، یا اسے روزانہ ہفتے وار، ماہانہ پانی گھنٹے کی بنیاد پر ملازمت دی گئی ہو اور اس میں عارضی یا کارآموز ملازمین بھی شامل ہیں۔
• اس ایکٹ کا مقصد خواتین کے لیے محفوظ کام کا ماحول پیدا کرنا ہے، جو خوف، گالم گلوچ اور ہر اسکی سے آزاد ہو، تاکہ وہ عظمت سے کام کرنے کے حق کو استعمال کریں۔

شکایات درج کرانے کا طریقہ:
متاثرہ شخص مفت میں آن لائن یا ڈاک کے ذریعے خاتون محتسب اسلام آباد یا صوبوں میں اُن کے مقڑ کردہ نگراں افسر کے پاس شکایت داخل کر سکتا ہے۔

(ب) سپریم کورٹ کی جانب سے قائم کردہ شعبہ انسانی حقوق (HRC) کا کیا کردار ہے؟
جواب: شعبہ انسانی حقوق (HRC)، سپریم کورٹ:
شعبہ انسانی حقوق، سپریم کورٹ میں قائم کیا گیا ہے۔

کردار:
وہ پاکستان میں انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیوں کے خلاف عوام کی جانب سے براہ راست ارسال کردہ درخواستوں پر کاڑوائیاں کرتا ہے۔

مقصد:
اس شعبے کے قائم ہونے کا اہم مقصد، عوام کو وسیع پیمانے پر جلد از جلد اور بلا قیمت مصیبت سے نجات فراہم کرنا ہے۔

وظائف یا فرائض:

• شعبۂ انسانی حقوق کے بہت سے وظائف ہیں۔
• وہ ای۔ میل یا ڈاک کے ذریعے عوام کی جانب سے ارسال کردہ درخواستیں وصول کرتا ہے۔ شعبہ انسانی حقوق (HRC)، متعلقه فریقین کی جانب خطوط ارسال کرتا ہے اور شکایات کے متن ‌ پیرا گراف کے بارے میں رپورٹ طلب کرتا ہے۔
• علاوہ ازیں، یہ انتظامی اعتبار سے عوام کو فوری انصاف بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔
• بیرونی ممالک میں رہائش پذیر شہریوں کے لیے شعبہ شکایات بھی قائم کیا گیا ہے، جو پاکستان سے بیرون ملک رہنے والے پاکستانیوں کی شکایات پر مبنی درخواستوں پر کاروائی کرتا ہے۔

(ج) پاکستان میں وزارت انسانی حقوق کے فرائض کون سے ہیں؟
جواب: انسانی حقوق کی وفاقی وزارت کے فرائض:
وزارت انسانی حقوق کی لاتعداد فرائض ہیںـ چند سب سے زیادہ اہم فرائض درج ذیل ہیں:

• ملک میں انسانی حقوق اور مزدوروں کے حقوق کی صورتحال کے تحفظ سمیت قوانین، پالیسیوں اور جاری اقامات پر عملدرآمد کا جائزہ لیناـ
• انسانی حقوق کے ضمن میں وزارتوں، ڈویژنوں اور صوبائی حکومتوں کی سرگرمیوں کے درمیان ہم آہنگی پیدا کرنا اور انسانی حقوق سے متعلق سرگرمیوں میں سہولیات فراہم کرنا۔
• وزارتوں، ڈویژنوں اور صوبائی حکومتوں اور دیگر اداروں سے انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیوں کی شکایات اور الزامات پر معلومات، دستاویزات اور رپورٹیں وصول کرنا۔
• انسانی حقوق کی خلاف ورزیوں کے واقعات بشمول معذور اشخاص کے حقوق اور بچوں کے حقوق کے ضمن میں تحقیقات اور تفتیش کا حوالہ دینا اور سفارشات پیش کرنا۔
• انسانی حقوق سے منسلک پاکستان کے لیے اور اس کے خلاف معاملات، نمائندگی کی شکایات اور معاملات کی انجام دہی یا اُن کا دفاع کرنا۔

(د) اپنے علاقے میں ہراساں کرنے کے مختلف طریقوں کو پہچانے اور ان میں سے دو کوئی طریقوں پر تفصیلی نوٹ لکھیے۔
جواب: ہراساں کرنے کی مختلف شکلیں ہیں لیکن ہمارے ارد گرد ہراساں کرنے کی سب سے عام شکلیں ہیں:

• توہین آمیز فقرے اور لطیفے
• نسلی گالیاں
• ذاتی توہین صنفی ہراساں کرنا اور
• کسی خاص نسل کی طرف نفرت یا عدم برداشت کا اظہار۔

نسلی طور پر ہراساں کرنا:
اکثر لوگوں کو رنگ و نسل، نسب، ملک یا شہریت کی وجہ سے ہراساں کیا جاتا ہے، یہ نسلی طور پر ہراساں کرنے کی صورتیں ہیں۔ ایک خاص نسل یا کسی خاص قوم کی کسی خصوصیت، کردار، لہجے ، رسم ورواج ، عقائد یا لباس وغیرہ کا مذاق اڑانایا توہین کرنانسلی طور ہر ہراساں کرنے کے زمرے میں آتا ہے۔

• نسلی طور پر ہراساں کرنے والے نسلی توہین کرتے ہیں
• نسلی لطیفے سناتے ہیں
• بعض باتوں اور چیزوں پر نفرت انگیز تبصرہ کرتے ہیں اور
• معمولی سے اختلافات کے سلسلے میں عدم برداشت کا مظاہرہ کرتے ہیں۔

معذوری پر مبنی ہراساں کرنا:
معذوری پر مبنی ہراساں کرنا ہمارے معاشرے میں بہت عام ہے۔ اس قسم کا شکار وہ لوگ بنتے ہیں جو :

• خود معذوری کا شکار۔
• معذور شخص یا لوگوں سے واقف ہیں۔
• معذوری کی خدمات استعمال کریں

ایسے معذورو مجبور افراد پر توہین آمیز فقرے کسے جاتے ہیں، انہیں تنگ کیا جاتا ہے، نقصان دہ انداز میں چھیڑا جاتا ہے، ان کو خاص رعایتیں دینے سے انکار کیا جاتا ہے، یا پھر انھیں بالکل اکیلا چھوڑ دیا جاتا ہے۔

OR

Chapter No.13 - Protection Of Citizen's Rights And The Role of Institutions - Descriptive Question Answers - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHT AND ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS
Descriptive Question Answers

Q.1: Describe the Role of the Ombudsman regarding resolution of complaints made by citizens of Pakistan. OR Elucidate the Role of the ombudsperson in redressal of public grievances.
Ans: Role of Ombudsman:
Institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib):
The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court". It has been serving the people of Pakistan in a significant manner for more than three decades.
Ombudsman
An Ombudsman is an official appointed by the government or by parliament with a significant degree of independence. He/she is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of maladministration or violation of rights.

Role:
Its role in enforcing administrative accountability ensures that public service activities in particular the exercise of decision-making, powers are carried out not only appropriately but in a manner that is consistent with fairness.

Purpose:

• The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person.
• The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration.
• This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen in order to improve administrative processes and procedures.
• The institution of Ombudsman helps to curb misuse of discretionary powers.
• The Ombudsman is empowered to understand and investigate the grievances of a common aggrieved man.
• For achieving the objectives, the Ombudsman Office has been made the most accessible institution to the public.

Q.2: Discuss and debate the Powers and functions of the Ombudsman. OR What are the powers and function of ombudsman?
Ans: Powers and Functions of Ombudsman:
The law empowers the Ombudsman to entertain complaints against any department, commission or office of the Government or a statutory corporation or other institution established or controlled by the Government.
It does not include the High Court and the Courts working under the supervision of High Court and Provincial Assembly and its Secretariat.

Functions:

• Ombudsman on a complaint of any aggrieved person, on a reference by the Government or the Provincial Assembly or on a motion of Supreme Court or the High Court or on his own motion (suo moto) can undertake any investigation into any allegation of 'maladministration' on the part of any agency or its officers or employees.
• However, the Ombudsman has no jurisdiction to investigate or enquire into matters which are:
  (a) subjudice before a court of competent jurisdiction.
  (b) related to the external relations of Pakistan or connected with defence of Pakistan or Military, Naval and Air Force of Pakistan or the matters covered by the laws relating to these Forces.
• The Ombudsman also cannot entertain for investigation against any complaint by or on behalf of a public servant or functionary concerning any matter relating to the agency in which the public servant has been or is working in respect of any personal grievance or relating to his service therein.

Powers:

• Ombudsman has the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the code of civil procedure for summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person.
• Ombudsman can compel for the production of documents, receive evidence on affidavits and issue commission for examination of witnesses.
• The Ombudsman is vested with the powers to enter and search any premises and inspect any article, books of account and other documents.
• The Ombudsman has the same powers, mutatis mutandis, as the High Court has to punish any person for its contempt.

Q.3: Write a short note on following:

1. What is the role of Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan?
2. What is the role of Human Rights Cell established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan?

1) What is the role of Women Ombudsperson in Pakistan. OR Describe the role of Women Ombudsman in Pakistan to resolve the issues faced by women including domestic violence.
Ans: Women ombudsperson in Pakistan:
This institution came into being as a result of "Protection against Harassment of women at workplace act, 2010, passed by the parliament of Pakistan.

Role:
The legislation has been enacted with the objective of protecting the women from harassment at workplace and for effective redressal of their complaints of harassment.

Objective:

• The Act is meant to provide relief against acts of harassment to any man or woman who is a regular or contractual employee whether employed on the daily, weekly, monthly or hourly basis and includes an intern or an apprentice.
• The objective of this Act is to create a safe working environment for women, which is free of harassment, abuse and intimidation with a view toward- fulfillment of their right to work with dignity.

Way Of Filing Complaint:
The aggrieved person can lodge complaint through online mechanism free of cost or by post to the women ombudsperson in Islamabad or their focal persons in the provinces.

2) What is the role of Human Rights Cell established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. OR Explain the role of Human Rights Cell (HRC) regarding protection of rights in Pakistan.
Ans: Human Rights Cell, Supreme Court of Pakistan
The Human Rights Cell is established in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Role:
It deals with the applications received directly from public against the violation of Human Rights in Pakistan.

Purpose:
Main purpose of the establishment of this cell is to provide speedy relief to public at large without any cost.

Functions:

• There are many functions of Human Rights Cell.
• It receives application from public through email or by post. HRC send letters to concerned parties and seek report regarding the contents/ paras of complaint.
•  Moreover, it provides speedy justice to public on administrative side as well.
• An overseas complaint cell is also established to deal with the applications of overseas Pakistanis.

Q.4: What are the functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan. OR Describe the functions of Ministry of Human Rights in Pakistan.
Ans: Functions of Federal Ministry of Human Rights:
There are a number of functions of Ministry of Human Rights. Few most important functions are given as under:

• To review human rights and protection of labour rights situation in the country including implementation of laws, policies and measures.
• To coordinate activities of Ministries, Divisions and Provincial Governments in respect of human rights and facilitation of functions relating to Human Rights.
• To obtain information, documents and reports on complaints and allegations of human rights violations from Ministries, Divisions, Provincial Governments and other agencies.
• To refer and recommend investigations and inquiries in respect of any incident of violation of human rights, including rights of the disadvantaged and child rights.
• To pursue or defend issues, complaints representations and matters for and against Pakistan relating to human rights.

Q.5: Identify various forms of harassment in your area and write a detailed Note on any two of them.
Ans: There are various forms of harassment in our area, but some common forms of harassment are:

1. Verbal harassment
2. Derogatory jokes
3. Racial harassment / Racial Slurs
4. Personal Insults
5. Gender harassment and
6. Physical harassment / Disability based harassment etc

Verbal harassment:
A verbal harasser can simply be someone who is consistently unpleasant and degrades others. Verbal harassment can include insulting words, cursing, yelling, or threats someone in private or public. Verbal harassment results from different personality conflicts. Although verbal harassment is not illegal. But it is disagreeable and annoying others.

Racial harassment:
Mostly people are harassed because of race, ethnicity, country or citizenship. This is a form of racial harassment.
A victim may experience racial harassment because of their skin color, race, ancestry, origin, country or citizenship status. Even perceived attributes of a certain ethnicity (curly hair, accents customs, beliefs or clothing) may be the cause.
Racial harassment might include:

• Racial slurs
• Racial insults
• Racist jokes
• Degrading comments
• Racial disgust
• Intolerance of difference and other behaviors.

Disability-Based Harassment:
Disability-based harassment is very common in our society. It is always directed towards individuals who either:
(i) suffer from a disability themselves
(ii) are acquainted with a disabled person or people.
(iii) use disability services (sick leave or worker's comp)
A person with a disability may experience harassment in the form of harmful teasing, patronizing comments, refusals to reasonably accommodate or isolation.

Sexual harassment:
Sexual harassment is the most common harassment on the basis of gender. Mostly females are affected by sexual harassment particularly at workplace or sometimes in public place. The men are less affected by sexual harassment as compare to women. It includes physical contact, verbal contact, or sometimes inappropriate use of gestures.

Chapter No.13 - Protection Of Citizen's Rights And The Role of Institutions - Fill In The Blanks and MCQs - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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Protection Of Citizen's Rights And The Role of Institutions

Fill In the Blanks

1. The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court".
2. The Ombudsman has the same powers, mutatis mutandis, as the High Court has to punish any person for its contempt.
3. Parliament of Pakistan passed the Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act in 2010.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. This institution is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court". OR
It is generally referred as the "Poor Man's Court".

• High court
• Session court
• Supreme court
• The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib)

2. The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) has been serving the people of Pakistan in a significant manner: OR
The institution of Ombudsman (Mohtasib) has been serving the people of Pakistan for more than:

• for more than one decades
• for more than two decades
• for more than three decades OR Thirty years
• for more than four decades

3. The purpose to designed this institution is to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen. OR
The institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen.

• Supreme Court
• National Assembly
• Senate
• Institution of Ombudsman

4. This institution helps to curb misuse of discretionary powers.

• The institution of Ombudsman
• National Assembly
• Senate
• High Court

5. The Human Rights Cell is established:

• In the institution of Ombudsman
• In National Assembly
• In the Supreme Court
• In Senate

6. It deals with the applications received directly from public against the violation of Human Rights in Pakistan.

• The institution of Ombudsman
• Human Rights Cell
• Institute of Human Rights
• Commission of Human Rights

7. Main purpose of the establishment of this cell is to provide speedy relief to public at large without any cost.

• The institution of Ombudsman
• Human Rights
• Institute of Human Rights
• Commission of Human Rights

8. The function or responsibilities of this institute is to review human rights and protection of labour rights situation in the country including implementation of laws, policies and measures. OR
It is responsible to review human rights and protection of labour rights situation in the country including implementation of laws, policies and measures.

• The institution of Ombudsman
• Ministry of Human Rights
• Institute of Human Rights
• Commission of Human Rights

Chapter 13 - Shahariyon K Haqooq Ka Tahafooz Aur Idaaro Ka Kirdaar - Pakistan Studies (مطالعہ پاکستان - دہم کلاس کے لۓ) - Fill In The Blanks And Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

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تیرھواں باب - شہریوں کے حقوق کا تحفظ اور اداروں کا کردار
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کثیرالانتخابی سوالات

Chapter No.12 - Protection Of Human Rights - Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Text Book Exercise

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)

Q.1: Write in your words the basic features of human rights?
Ans: BASIC FEATURES OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
Human rights can be describes as freedoms, immunities and benefits that all human beings should be able to claim as a matter of right in the society in which they live. Human rights are supreme inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and self-development.
There are several basic features of human rights:

• The right to your own thoughts
• Freedom of expression
• The right to democracy
• Be equally treated
• Universal acceptance
• Liberty
• Right to education

Q.2: Discuss in detail the rights and duties of citizens of Pakistan?
Ans: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZEN OF PAKISTAN:
There are several rights and duties of citizens of Pakistan:

• Participate in community development program and try to clean our neighborhood.
• Save water and electricity.
• Be loyal and patriotic to the homeland.
• Spread positive image of Pakistan worldwide.
• Remove discrimination on the basis of gender, race, culture and language.
• Respect government institutions such as army, judiciary and teachers.
• Respect and follow rule of law.
• It is our national duty to caste our vote during elections.
• Promote brotherhood, peace and acceptance.
• Keep our environment clean and plant more trees.

Q.3: Critically evaluate the state of human rights in Pakistan and suggest measures to safeguard them?
Ans: The constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan obligates the State of Pakistan to protect and promote human rights of all its citizens without any discrimination. Over the years the general rule of basic human rights has broken down and alarmingly diminished in Pakistan. Humanitarian crime is on the increase especially against the vulnerable, the poor, the women and the children. On the account of facts the violation of human rights has increased over few years. Following human rights violation has been observed:

• Sectarian violence and religious crime
• Honour killing
• Child abuse and rape
• Illegal village courts and trial
• Child and slave labour
• Extra Judicial killings

We can overcome this problem by making severe punishment to the culprits through implementing law and order. No space would be given to the criminals and make the people aware of their rights and how to curb the violation of human rights. Make coordination with different stakeholders by making strict policies without any discrimination. 

Q.4: Describe UN Human Rights Declaration, 1948?
Ans: According to UN human rights declaration 1948, all people and all nations must aim to achieve certain goals and the same standards exist for all human beings across the globe. Everyone has right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of family. Including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services. Everyone has right to education. The universal declaration of human rights is a symbol of freedom, equality and justice in the world. It emphasizes the universality, indivisibility, inter-relatedness and interdependence of all human rights.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) Dignity are those rights which are inherent in every person by virtue of being a human being.
2) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10^th December 1948.
3) The Article 26 of UN Human Rights Declaration states about Right to Education.

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Chapter No.11 - The Civil Life in Pakistan - Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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CIVIC LIFE IN PAKISTAN

Text Book Exercise

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)

Q.1: Describe the right and obligation (duties) of a citizen?
Ans: RIGHTS (DUTIES) OF A CITIZEN:

• Personal Freedom:
  Everybody has a right to be free in his thoughts and deeds provided they are not harmful to others. He has the right to move, reside anywhere in the country, to trade, get employment, etc.
• Freedom of Expression:
  Everybody has a fundamental right of freedom of expression. Newspaper, magazines, TV channels should be free.
• Freedom of Religious:
  Everybody has the right to practice any religion but nobody has the right to speak against any religion.
• Access to Education and Health:
  Every child has the right to get education and health care. The government is responsible for providing these facilities to its citizen.

OBLIGATIONS:

• Respect for law:
  Every citizen should have respect for law and avoid breaking the law.
• Perception for the rights of others:
  Every citizen is under obligation to care for the rights of others.
• Loyalty to the country:
  Every citizen should be loyal to one’s country. A citizen who is not loyal to one’s country should be considered as traitor and will be duly punished.

Q.2: Being a student, what are your duties/responsibilities?
Ans: RESPONSIBILITIES OR DUTIES OF A STUDENT:
The responsibilities of a student are as follows:

• It is the duty of every student to completes his education with devotion.
• During vacations, a student should devote his time to promote adult education, civil defense or other welfare work.
• A student should refrain from malpractices such as copying in the exams or indulge in narcotics or addiction to drugs or smoking.

Q.3: What is the meaning of corruption? What are its harmful effects on the society?
Ans: CORRUPTION:

• Any malpractices or any wrong doing is corruption.
• All violations of laws come under the corruption.
• Corruption is a crime and there is a punishment for it in all the countries of the world. Harmful effects of corruption on the society:
• There is an increase in lawlessness.
• There is social and moral damage to society.
• The government does not get the money needed to build more schools, hospitals and roads.
• People have to suffer more burdens on bills, taxes, and lack civic amenities due to others’ corruption.
• There is injustice with people in every walk of life.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) In democracy there is freedom of speech and freedom of expression.
2) The people elect their representatives by elections.
3) National interests should be preferred over personal interests.

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Chapter No.10 - Pakistan - A Welfare State - Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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PAKISTAN - A WELFARE STATE

Text Book Exercise

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)

Q.1: What is meant by a welfare state?
Ans: WELFARE STATE:
A state that cares for the basic needs of its citizens and enables them to live a peaceful life is called a welfare state.

Q.2: Describe the duties of a welfare state?
Ans: DUTIES OF A WELFARE:

• The objectives of such a state to eliminate illiteracy, poverty and in justice from the society and provide its citizens opportunities to help create environments conducive to the development of their innate potential.
• The opportunities are provided to all the citizens on equal terms.
• The duties of the state were confined to the security, maintenance of law and order and general administrations of the country. But the duties of a welfare state include protection of life and property of its citizen on the one hand and on the other hand protection of their basic or fundamental rights the state helps the backward and the handicapped on account of economic and other reason.
• In a welfare state basic needs of the citizens are fulfilled and their welfare is the primary duty of the state. The people in a welfare state are, therefore, patriotic, bold and outspoken.

Q.3: What is the concept of an Islamic welfare state?
Ans: Islam presented the concept of welfare state fourteen hundred years ago which was fully practiced during period of Righteous Caliphs (Khilafat-e-Rashida 639-661AD). The concept of Islamic welfare state includes:

• Sovereignty in Islam belongs to Almighty Allah. The state protects the life property and honor of its individuals. Justice is for all without any discrimination. All are equal before law. The superiority among the individuals is based on Taqwa (Fear of Allah).
• It is necessary for the one who runs the affairs of the Islamic welfare state to adhere to the basic tenets of Islam. He should be a God-fearing Muslim and act as a trustee only.
• The head of an Islamic welfare state is the servant of the people. He always thinks about the welfare of its people he lives a simple life like an ordinary man.
• The Islamic welfare state is always accountable to its people. The rule is not beyond question or criticism. Such a state develops a prosperous society free of exploitation. It provides equal opportunities of progress to all the individuals. It provides all basic facilities to the individuals including the non-Muslims.
• The concept of an Islamic welfare state is that it maintains “Musawat” i.e. (Equality at all levels).

Q.4: What are the natural goals of Pakistan?
Ans: NATURAL GOALS OF PAKISTAN:
Pakistan is a sovereign Islamic state and its national Goals are:

• Setting upon Islamic society:
  The foremost national objectives of Pakistan is the setting up of an Islamic society as per the teachings of Islam and principles of democracy Quaid-i-Azam had said that the purpose of the creation of Pakistan was not to just obtain a piece of land but then objective was to establish a laboratory where we could practice principles of Islam.
  
  
• Struggle against exploitation:
  It is also our national objective to establish an Islamic policy, based on the principles of equality, social justice, mutual respect and cooperation. This is possible when people get equal opportunities for progress and prosperity and do not fall victim to ignorance poverty and exploitation.
  
  
• State Security:
  It is the collective responsibility of the people and the government to safeguard the country from Internal and external dangers. The protection of national identity and freedom is another important national.
  
  
• Self-Sufficiency:
  Pakistan must be made economically self-sufficient. This would require sustained efforts at national level to work hard depend upon our own resources and promote education and scientific knowledge. A sense of “Pakistanism” is to be developed to become self-reliant.
  
  
• Unity with Muslim countries:
  It is also our national objective to promote unity among the Islamic countries and unite them on none platform we have to strengthen the role of organization of Islamic countries (OIC) so that a uniform stand is taken on the issues concerning the interests of Muslim Ummah.
  
  
• Struggle for welfare state:
  The Most important objective is to make Pakistan a welfare state. Our resources are limited. They only hurdle in making Pakistan a welfare state is that it has scantly resources we should. Therefore develop our resources by improving literacy rate, promoting scientific and technical education and increasing industrial products Elimination of social evils and corruption in veritable for making Pakistan a welfare state.

Q.5: Why is the self-sufficiency in food necessary?
Ans: Food is the basic need of the people. Lack of proper or sufficient food for the people is the main cause in poor health. When people are not healthy, their efficiency to work will decrease. The development and construction process of the country will go down. Import from food of other countries will affect other factors of development; especially the industrial development become valuable foreign exchange will be spent on the import of food items. Pakistan’s economy depends upon its agriculture Majority of the population of Pakistan is engaged in agriculture Major part of national income is obtained from the agricultural products and industries based on agricultural output. The government has been paying special attention to the development of agriculture sector with an objective to make the country self sufficient in food.

Q.6: Why peace in the world is necessary?
Ans: Modern scientific invention has linked all the nations together. The whole world has become a global village. The events of one country affect the other countries immediately. It is necessary for the maintenance of peace and stability that all the nations keep close ties and relations with one another. As people have problems and misunderstandings among themselves, nations of the world have various conflicts and misunderstandings. Peaceful means should be sought to resolve those problems so that mankind could be prevented from the horrors of war. A lot of institutions and organizations are working for the cooperation and contact among the states. UNO is playing a key role in this connection. Peace in the world is must.

Q.7: What is the role of an individual in a welfare state?
Ans: When a welfare state is supposed to meet all the basic needs of its citizens, the citizens are also required to fulfill obligations towards the state following are some important duties of an individual.

• To remain loyal to the state and get ready for sacrifice at the time of a test.
• To show respect to the rights of the fellow citizens and protect their life honor and property.
• Not to misuse the facilities provided by the state for general public like electricity, gas, water, supply system, Public parks. Means of transport and public property.
• To take part individually or collectively in a welfare activities.
• Pay the taxes regularly and not to damage government or private property at the time of protest or agitation. For example damaging vehicles, traffic signals shops, etc.
• To keep the environment clean.
• To help poor, handicapped and needy people in the elements.
• To receive education, learn skills and utilize natural resources to accelerate the peace progress.

Q.8: What steps have been taken by the Government for universal education?
Ans: Education is recognized as a basic and fundamental right of the individual in Islam as well as in the UN character. Education should be free and compulsory up to a specific level for all citizens.
After this level, equal opportunities are provided for all individuals for receiving higher education. This requires increase in the number of educational institutions and other facilities. In Pakistan efforts are in progress for attaining the target of universal education following have been taken to spread education in a country.

• In education known as Education Sector Reforms (ESR) have been introduced. The purpose of these reforms is to introduce a system which fulfills the need and obligation of independent ideological state of Pakistan. The new system will ensure access to every citizen to receive education.
• Reforms in education: The study of Islamiyat and Pakistan studies is compulsory to make the children enlightened and better individuals by understanding the real spirit of Islam and the importance of Pakistan.
• Steps are being taken to discourage the tendency of business in education. A plane is under way to provide free education up to class X in a phased manner.
• The service structure and service conditions of the teachers are being made better, enabling them to work with interest and devotion.
• A program of award a scholarship to the meritorious and poor students has been started by Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal.
• Awareness campaign has been started to Radio and Television to create interest among the people to educate their children especially in the girls.
• A program namely “Education for All” “EFA” has been started throughout Pakistan under his scheme non format basic education at institutions has been opened in the rural areas. Books and educational material are in these institutions.

Q.9: Write a note on egalitarian society?
Ans: EGALITARIAN SOCIETY:
Egalitarian society upholds the principle of equality among the people. It remains stable and progressive so long the rights of the individuals are safeguarded. A society where social justice does not exist, remains disturbed and eventually vanished out. Social justice calls for the protection of life and property of the people preservation of their honor and provision of basic civic facilities of education, health and recreation are provided without discrimination this will promote national integrity love and cooperation among the individuals.
The government of Pakistan has been making all out efforts to promote social justices for the establishment of an egalitarian society.

Q.10: Why are the sustained constructive efforts necessary for Pakistan?
Ans: NEED FOR SUSTAINED CONSTRUCTIVE EFFORTS:

• Awareness about the National Goals:
  Only those nations can make progress which is aware of their national goals which determine their priorities.
• Dignity of Labour:
  Hard work is necessary for progress. We should have the dignity of labour.
• Nature of Education:
  We should try to increase our literacy rate.
• Guidance and Encouragement:
  We need proper guidance and encouragement to develop our nation.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) Government is making efforts to establish an egalitarian society in Pakistan.
2) Majority of the population in Pakistan is associated with agriculture.
3) Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of rice and wheat.
4) Sovereignty in Islam belongs to God.
5) Economic development leads to prosperity.

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hapter No.9 - Education In Pakistan - Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

Text Book Exercise

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)

Q.1: Describe the importance of education in the development of a country?
Ans: Education occupies a fundamental place in the development and progress of a country and thereby the individuals are enriched with the wealth of knowledge.

• With the help of education knowledge and culture of the people is transferred from one generation to coming generation.
• It helps in understanding the ideology of a nation and suggests ways to strengthen this ideology.
• It develops a sense of nationhood and patriotism among the individuals.
• It helps in understanding the rights and duties of a citizen to perform his or her role for the welfare and progress of the society.
• It helps in developing creative abilities of people to accelerate the process of healthy and constructive change in the society.
• It helps to understand that educational development and economic progress are linked with each other with a high standard of education more skilled people will be produced who will work for the progress and development of the country.

Q.2: Highlight the important aspects of education as mentioned in the National Education policy 1998-2010?
Ans: National Education policy 1998-2010 stressed the need and importance of the following aspects of education:

• Future of youth is based on education.
• Universal primary education is formal and informal way.
• Promotion of vocational and professional education.
• Out of school children would be given high priority.
• At least one model Secondary School at district level.
• Multiple Textbooks would be introduced at secondary level.
• Project method of Teaching at secondary level would be introduced.
• Education card for needy students at secondary level.
• Salary of Teachers would be based on qualification.
• Education Service Commission would appoint Teachers.
• A Teacher service Training Academy for In-Service Teachers.
• System of Assessment for Teachers.
• Autonomy given to the colleges.
• Status of Madarasa is equal to Degree.
• According to this policy 19,000 Primary, 750 Secondary Schools, 1500 degree colleges, 250 vocational colleges and 23 universities will be opened.

Q.3: Mention the socio-cultural importance of education?
Ans: SOCIAL-CULTURAL ASPECTS:
Illiteracy is the root cause of all social evils. A number of social and cultural traditions are in practice due to lack of education. There are a number of customs and traditions which are contrary to Islamic teachings and values, for example, air shooting at the time of marriages quarrel’s on the appearance of moon and the use of drugs. The intellectual level of people is manifested in their culture hence cultural values can only be purposeful if people have certain level of education. The art, poetry, literature and music cannot be appreciated without education. The decency in the daily affairs and dealing with others will be possible with instrument of education. An educated person is distinguished by his manners. The wealth alone cannot raise the culture life but it is education which makes the people cultural and civilized. So education is an important agent of change in the attitude, behavior and the way to live. It is help in eradicating social evils.

Q.4: Describe the structure of formal education in Pakistan?
Ans: STRUCTURE OF FORMAL EDUCATION:
Formal system of education means provisions of education by establishing different educational institutions prescribing textbooks appointing teachers establishing a system of education awarding certificates and degrees. The spirit of formal system lies in management control and discipline the formal system is fully controlled by the government.
Formal education system is categorized as follow:

• Primary Stage:
  Its starts from class I to V. Its total duration is 5 year. Children are admitted in class- I at the age of 4 + or 5 years of age.
  
  
• Middle Stage:
  It duration is 3 years. Children after passing primary stage are admitted in class VI. A certification is issued by the school after passing middle stage.
  
  
• Secondary Stage:
  It starts from class 9-10 with the duration of 2 years students who have passed middle stage are admitted in class IX. The board issued a certificate on passing secondary school examination.
  
  
• Higher Secondary Stage:
  It starts from class IX to XII students after passing Secondary School examination are admitted in the higher secondary class. Its duration is 2 years.
  
  
• Degree Level:
  It starts after the students pass higher secondary level of education and are admitted in a college to earn a degree. The government has raised its duration from 2 to 3 years. Now it starts from the 13thyear to 15th year of studies. University issues a degree to successful candidates however in many parts of the country the Degree course is of duration of two years.
  
  
• University Level:
  It starts after the students pass degree level examination from the college. Its duration is 2 years. Degree is issued by the university on successful completion of the course and passing the examination.

Q.5: What are the main components of the scheme of studies at secondary level of education?
Ans: Scheme of studies means the courses syllabi prescribed at different levels. Scheme of studies at different level of education are quite distinct from each other:

• Primary Level:
  Subjects include: Regional languages, Urdu, Counting, Simple Arithmetic, Nature Study and Islamiyat.
  
  
• Middle Level:
  Subjects include: Regional languages, Urdu, English, Algebra, Geometry, Science, Social Studies and Islamiyat.
  
  
• Secondary Level:
  At this level Urdu, English, Islamiyat, Pakistan studies are the Compulsory subjects for all groups of students. Humanities group of students opt for the General Science as compulsory subject. A part they opt for Mathematics and two other subjects in humanities Science students study physics chemistry Mathematics and Biology along with compulsory subjects.
  
  
• Higher Secondary Level:
  Urdu, English, Islamiyat, Pakistan studies are the Compulsory subjects for both Science and Arts groups. Science group students take 3 science subjects and arts group students take 3 arts subject. Science group is further divided into: Pre-engineering, Pre-medical group and General Science group, Commerce group students take commerce subjects.
  
  
• Degree Level:
  Compulsory subjects are Functional English, Pakistan studies, and Islamiyat at B.A/B.SC level. Students also choose 2-3 optional subjects along with compulsory subjects.
  
  
• University Level:
  At master level, students select one discipline. Each discipline has 7-8 subjects.

Q.6.: Write a note on Teacher-Training Program in Pakistan?
Ans: No system of education is above the level of its teachers. Teachers play a crucial role in the system of education. It is important that these teachers are equipped with proper knowledge, skills and attitudes in carrying out the goals of education and fulfilling their obligations. Teacher training has certain levels which correspond with the general education ability of the teachers. There are three levels of teachers training.

1. Primary School Teachers:
   Teachers for the primary schools are trained and must have passed secondary school examination they are provided one year training after completion of this training they are awarded a certificate called primary teachers certificate (PTC).
   
   
2. Middle School Teachers:
   Those who possess FA/F.Sc certificate are given one year training and warded a certificate called certificate in education (CT).
   
   
3. Secondary School Teachers:
   Those who possess BA/B.Sc degree are provided one year training called “Bachelor of education” (B.ED) at the government college of education. These colleges are at a few selected places in each province of the country. Those who further want to specialize in the subject of education under go one year course called master in education (M.ED) this course is conducted by the colleges of education and in the Institutes of education in the universities.

Q.7: Describe the importance of Technical and Vocational education in Pakistan?
Ans: The present era is that of technical and Vocational education which helps in sustainable economic and industrial development, Therefore government has paid attention to improve technical and Vocational education in the country polytechnic institutes have been set up at the level of each district head quarter. Matric pass students are admitted in these institutes one the basic of their Merit. The students are awarded Diploma in Technical Education. Government has started technical projects in the country that objective is to provide physical facilities for technical education institutions provide equipment, improve courses of technical education and prepare teachers for imparting technical education. A science education project has also been started by the government of Pakistan. The ojective is to improve standard of education in the courses of Mathematics Science and computer science. About 6 million students will benefit from these courses.

Q.8: What are the educational problems of Pakistan?
Ans: EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN  PAKISTAN:

• Attitude of the Feudal:
  The feudal system in the main hurdle to our education system. The feudal lords do not want that the poor people’s children get education. They fear that if people are educated, they will lose the cheap labor so they discourage people and stop them to get education.
  
  
• Dropouts:
  Each stage of the education of the children dropout rate has increased. About 85% children are admitted in primary schools but hardly 56% children complete the 5 years cycle of primary education.
  
  
• Teacher Absenteeism:
  In rural area teacher Absenteeism has adversely affected the progress in education.
  
  
• High Fees of Private Educational Institution:
  Private sector educational institutions charge high fees as compared to the facilities provided there. Teachers are over worked but paid low salaries Government should exercise control over these schools Registration fee in the private school.
  
  
• Shortage of Physical Facilities:
  The shortage of physical facilities and equipment in the primary schools has resulted in the decline in the level of education about 25,000 primary schools are without proper buildings. Most of the schools have no boundary walls, no toilets and no water facilities. There is shortage of furniture I these schools. The quality of education is poor in their schools.
  
  
• Non Availability of Textbooks:
  Many pupils do not afford the higher cost of textbooks. Textbooks prescribed by the private and English medium schools are very expensive.
  
  
• Political Interference:
  Public representative interfere in the administration of educational institutions especially in the appointment and transfer of teachers. Merit ignored and appointments are made on favoritism or political recommendations.

Q.9: Mention the objectives of IT education in Pakistan?
Ans: OBJECTIVES OF IT EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN:

• To modernize the educational system of Pakistan by introducing information technology at all levels.
• To provide access to research and modern information through the internet.
• To familiarize information technology among the children of all ages and prepares them for.
• To emphasize the varied roles of computer as a leaning tool in the classroom.
• To employee communication technology for the training of teachers and other education activities.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) No real progress is possible without education.
2) First educational conference in Pakistan was held in the year 1947.
3) Compulsory Primary Education act was enforced in Pakistan in 2004-2005.
4) The first step of formal system of education in Pakistan is Primary Stage.
5) Professional education includes diploma, engineering degree, medical degree, and commerce fields.
6) Sindh Textbook Board is responsible for the preparation and development of textbooks in Sindh.

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Chapter No.8 - Culture Of Pakistan -Text Book Exercise - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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CULTURE OF PAKISTAN

Text Book Exercise

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)
Q.1: Describe the characteristics of culture?
Ans: CHARACTERISTICS OF CULURE:
The way of living of people is called culture. There are following characteristics of culture:

• A culture which has positive a force influences the other culture.
• New culture might emerge on contact with other culture.
• The individual identity of culture makes it popular among others.
• The culture with strong and permanent values absorbs the weak cultures.
• The Islamic culture prevailed in the past because the Muslim followed their religion and its great value.

Q.2: Why language is an important element of culture?
Ans: Language is an important element of culture for following reasons:

• • Language is the most important part of culture.
• • Language is the most effective means of expressing ideas, feeling, and emotions.
• • Language is the identity of a nation.
• • Every nation loves its language and takes all possible steps for its development.
• • All the languages spoken in a country form part of its culture.

Q.3: Write a note on the languages of Pakistan?
Ans: Languages of Pakistan:
There are more than 30 languages are spoken in Pakistan. The major provincial languages of our country include Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi and Brahvi these languages represent their respective provinces are known as provincial languages.

1) Urdu:
The Aryans spoke Sanskrit Urdu derived from Sanskrit. Sanskrit changes under the influence of people living in south Asia and came to be known as Prakrit. With the passage of time Prakrit took four from. One of them was called brijbhasha which the Hindus and Muslims spoke. Brijbhasha changes so much during Shah Jahan’s rule that it became a new language called to be Urdu.

2) Sindhi:
Sindhi is one of the oldest south Asian languages. With the arrival of the Muslims the Sindhi language started taking strides and several Arabic Persian and Turkish words entered this language Sindhi is written in modified Arabic script Sindhi language has the distinction of being the first local language in which the Holy Quran was translated during the Muslim rule.

3) Punjabi:
The Language of the Punjab province is “Punjabi”. The Punjabi vocabulary includes words from Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages although there are minor differences of dialect in the Punjabi spoken in different part of Punjabi.

4) Balochi:
The Language of the Balochi tribes of Balochistan is Balochi. Besides, Balochi, Pashto, Brahvi and Sindhi language are also spoken in this province. Balochi is linked with the ancient languages that were spoken in the southern and Eastern Iran. The Baloch tribes came from north eastern Iran and settled in that region of south Asia which is now called Balochistan. They brought with them the ancient Balochi Language.

Q.4: Describe the importance of Urdu as a national language?
Ans: IMPORTANCE OF URDU AS A NATIONAL LANGUAGE:

1. Source of contact:
   Urdu is spoken in all the four provinces of Pakistan. It is the source of national unity, solidarity and stability.
2. Role in Pakistan Movement:
   In Pakistan movement Urdu was the most favored language.
3. Media communication:
   Urdu creating harmony among the people through television and radio.
4. International language:
   It is understood by a lot of people outside Pakistan too.
5. Common medium:
   It is common medium for people to talk and get education.
6. Coordination:
   Urdu serves as the medium of coordination between different provinces.

Q.5: What are the common cultural manifestations in the national life?
Ans: Islam has united the people of Pakistan in a fraternal relation. The following cultural manifestation is common in the national life.

• Mixed Culture:
  People from different regions having different cultures are settled in Pakistan. With the passage of time mixed culture is emerging now.
• Status of Men and Women:
  Men are the head of family and women are the head of home. The rights and duties of men and women are determined in our religion.
• Social Life:
  Joint family system is common in Pakistan. Men earn the livelihood and women take care of the children at home.
• Food:
  Wheat, rice, meat vegetables, pulses. Eating habits are also common.
• Entertainments:
  Our entertainments are also common like Cricket, Hockey, and Football. Beside people watch T.V and Radio.
• Religious Events: We have religious events; e.g. Eid-ul-Fitar, Eid-ul-Adha. Besides, the occasion of birth and deaths are similar.
• Media of Communication: Radio, T.V, Newspaper, Magazines and means of transport all are playing their part in developing common nation culture.
• Single message of love and brotherhood: All the writers convey the message of higher aims of life to people so that there is Love, Peace, harmony, brotherhood, justice, tolerance and humanity among them.

Q.6: Write down a note on the arts and crafts of Pakistan?
Ans: Arts of Pakistan:
Arts or fine arts include painting, calligraphy, architecture and music. Pakistani artists are famous for their painting, calligraphy, Quranic calligraphy, traditional architecture, music, stone carving and preparation of ornaments with metal and iron. TV and stage drams have also promoted fine arts.

Crafts of Pakistan:
Pakistan is also famous for its handicrafts. Sindhi ajrak and glass cutwork on clothes are very fine and popular. Embroidery and glass cutwork of K.P.K are also very popular. Multan is famous for camel skin lamps. Bahawalpur is famous for its painted vessels. Chiniot is famous for engraved furniture. The handicrafts of Pakistan are also a source of earning foreign exchange.

Q.7: Describe the importance of festivals as a part of our culture?
Ans: Many festivals are held in Pakistan every year. These occasions provide entertainment and joy to the people of Pakistan.
(1) Eid-ul-Fitr:
It is celebrated after the month of Ramadan ends and on the first of Shawwal. This is a reward in the form of blessings of Allah to those Muslims who fasted for the whole month of Ramadan. People wear good dresses eat vermicelli’s and exchange gifts poor people are helped in cash and kind by the rich.

(2) Eid-ul-Azha:
It is celebrated on the 10^th of the month of Zil-Hajj in the memory of the great sacrifice of Hazrat Ibrahim when he offered to sacrifice the life of his dearest son Hazrat Ismail to fulfill the decree of Almighty Allah on Eid-ul-Azha people sacrifice animals and distribute meat among their relatives, friends, neighbors and the poor. The sacrifices is offered for three days i.e. 10^th, 11^th, and 12^th Zil-hajj

(3)Eid Milad-un-Nabi:
It is celebrated on 12th of the Islamic month of Rib-ul-Awwal with great love and devotion. It is celebrated to express happiness on the birth of our Holy prophet. Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W.S) Homes, streets and bazaars are decorated and illuminated Religious meetings are held it is celebrated with great devotion and zeal.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) Pakistan’s national language is Urdu.
2) Pakistan’s culture is a mixed culture.
3) The national dress of Pakistan is Shalwar and Kameez.
4) In Pakistan more than 30 languages are spoken.
5) In Balochistan two languages Balochi and Pashtu are spoken.
6) The two great poets of Balochi are Mast Tawakkali and Gul Khan Naseer.
7) Shah Husain was a great Punjabi poet.
8) After independence Sindhi language has made a lot of progress in prose and poem.
9) Most of the people in Pakistan eat simple food.
10) A single message of love and brotherhood has been conveyed by our saints in different languages.
11) Eid-ul-Fitar is celebrated in the month of Shawwal.
12)Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25.

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Chapter No.7 - The Population of Pakistan - Descriptive Question Answers - Pakistan Studies For Class X

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THE POPULATION OF PAKISTAN

Descriptive Question Answers

By Ustani G
(YouTube Channel)

Q.1: Describe the size and composition of the population of Pakistan?
Ans: The study of the changing numbers of births and deaths in a society over a specified period of time is called demography. Pakistan is a densely populated country, with a density of 166 people per square kilometer. In Punjab 358, in Sindh 218, in KPK 238, in Balochistan.

Q.2: What is the literacy rate in Pakistan? How does it affect national development?
Ans: Literacy Rate: Literacy rate in Pakistan remains quite low because of slow economic progress; the literacy rate of Pakistan is 54% in 2014. Literacy Rate affects National Development:
If a society has a high literacy rate, it can make progress fast. A good literacy rate is a sign of good standard of living. The development of a country depends on the educational skills and scientific and technical expertise and know-how. Singapore has total population 3.5 million, its exports are 150 billion dollars worth annually. Pakistan’s population now is 151 million but its exports are worth 12 billion dollars per annual.

Q.3: How does the growth and migration of population affect the country’s development?
Ans: Pakistan is a densely populated country. Its total resources are not increasing in proportion with the rate of growth of population. The rate at which the population is increasing has caused a population explosion. It has resulted in the rise of unemployment, and a decrease in the facilities of sanitation, health and education. It is necessary to reduce the rate of population growth and to increase the national resources.
The majority of the Pakistanis live in rural areas. As a result of fast increase in population and less chances of employment in the villages, people have started moving to the cities. In spite of employment, there are other attractions for people in cities, e.g., better opportunities of education and health, cultural activities and recreational facilities. Therefore, people’s trend to migrate to cities from villages is increasing day by day.

Q.4: What are the causes of growth of population in Pakistan?
Ans: GROWTH OF POPULATION IN PAKISTAN:
Following are the causes of growth of population in Pakistan:

• Social factor: Majority of the people believe that ALLAH is the sustainer and provider. Many people think that having a large family is a source of strength.
• No to family planning: People do not think and take interest in family planning.
• Poverty: Poverty is yet another reason. People think that they get rid of poverty by having a large family.
• Early marriages: Early marriages also added to the growth of children.
• Lack of education: The low literacy rate also contributes to the higher population growth.
• Desire: The desire for a male results in producing more children.

Q.5: How can a balance be maintained between the growing population and the national resources?
Ans: There must be a balance between national resources and population for the economic and social progress and development. In case of low population, natural resources cannot be exploited. If the population is high and growth rate is also high, undue pressure falls on the natural resources and prosperity cannot be maintained.

Steps That Might Reduce Pressure of Population on Resources:

• A balance must be maintained between population and resources. It is possible by decreasing the population growth rate and increasing the national resources.
• The productive resources should be developed at a fast rate including industry, handicrafts, cottage industry, agriculture and trade.
• Technical education and training should be encouraged. There is a shortage of skilled people in the country.
• New land should be brought under cultivation.

Q.6: Describe the effects of growing population on health and education?
Ans: We have a lack of government hospitals and health facilities. People have more health problems in villages than in cities. Our doctors do not want to work in villages. The villagers are, therefore, bound to go to the quacks for treatment. In cities, people are having difficulties in connection with treatment facilities because private doctors charge very high fees. Private hospitals and clinics also charge a lot of fees while the condition of government hospitals beyond description.

Effect of Growing Population on Health:
The government’s efforts to promote primary education have failed and the literacy rate is still low. The standard of primary education is very low. The standard of education at all level is low. The reasons for that are low standard of academic programs, old methods of exams, lack of schools and teachers in rural areas etc. These trends are lowering our level of education day by day. The fast population growth rate is also hindering the elimination of illiteracy and non standard education. Government should raised the budget to Rs. 5 billion for the promotion of science and technology in the country.

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) The last Census of Pakistan was held in the year March 2017.
2) The density of population in Sindh is 218 persons per Square Kilometers.
3) Total population of Karachi according to the 1998 Census is 10 million.
4) The majority of Pakistanis lives in rural areas.
5) The female literacy rate in Pakistan is 36% according to 1998 Census.
6) Population growth is the main problem of Pakistan.
7) Urdu is the common language of understanding throughout Pakistan.

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