Chapter -2 - Tashkeel-e-Pakistan - Pakistan Studies (مطالعہ پاکستان - دہم کلاس کے لۓ) - Detailed Question Answer

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باب 02 - تشکیل پاکستان
تفصیلی سوال جواب

سوال نمبر 5: علی گڑھ تحریک پر نوٹ لکھیے؟

Chapter -2 - Tashkeel-e-Pakistan - Pakistan Studies (مطالعہ پاکستان - دہم کلاس کے لۓ) - Short Question Answer

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باب 02 - تشکیل پاکستان
مختصر سوال جواب

PROVERBS

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PROVERBS

A

• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (نو نقد نہ تیرا ادھار۔)
  Meaning: The things we already have are more valuable than the things we only hope to get.
  
  
• A blind man is no judge of color. (اندھا کیا جانے بسنت کی بہار۔)
• A drop in the ocean. (اونٹ کے منہ میں زیرا۔)
• A figure among cyphers. (اندھوں میں کانا راجا۔)
• A good beginning makes a good ending. (آغاز اچھا انجام اچھا۔)
• A guilty conscience needs no accuser. (چور کی داڑھی میں تنکا۔)
• A honey tongue, a heart of gall. (زبان پر شہید، دل میں زہر۔)
• A little learning is a dangerous thing. (نیم حکیم خطرہ جان۔)
• A man may bear till his back break. (برداشت کی بھی حد ہوتی ہے۔)
• A nine days wonder. (چار دن کی چاندنی پھر اندھیری رات۔)
• A person try to be on two sides goes nowhere. (دھوبی کا کتا نہ گھر کا نہ گھاٹ کا۔)
• A poor worker blames his tools. (ناچ نہ جانے آنگن ٹیڑھا۔)
• A wolf in lamb's clothing. (بغل میں چھری چھری منہ پہ رام رام۔)
• A word to the wise is sufficient. (عقل مند کے لیے اشارہ ہی کافی ہے۔)
• All that glitters is not gold. (ہر چمکتی چیز سونا نہیں ہوتی۔)
• As you sow so shall you reap. (جیسی کرنی ویسی بھرنی۔)

B

• Barking dogs seldom bite. (جو گرجتے ہیں وہ برستے نہیں۔)
• Between the devil and the deep sea. (آگے کنواں پیچھے کھائی۔)
• Birds of same feather flock together. (ایک ہی تھالی کے چٹے بٹے۔)
• Blood is thicker than water. (اپنا اپنا ہوتا ہے۔)

C

• Cast pearls before swine. (بھینس کے آگے بین بجانا۔, بندر کیا جانے ادرک کا مزا۔)
• Casting pearls before swine.
• Child is in the armpit, chaos in the city. (بچہ بغل میں ڈھنڈورا شہر میں۔)
• Cut your coat according to your cloth. (جتنی چادر ہو اتنا پاؤں پھیلاؤ۔)
  
  

D

• Diamonds cut diamonds. (لوہا لوے کو کاٹتا ہے۔)
• Division is main reason for the damage. (گھر کا بھیدی لنکا ڈھاۓ۔)
• Do good and cast into the river. (نیکی کر دریا میں ڈال۔)
• Do evil and look for like? (برے کام کا برا انجام۔)
• Don't put off your work till tomorrow what you can today. (آج کا کام کل پر مت چھوڑو۔)
  
• Drowning man catches at straw. (ڈوبتے کو تنکے کا سہارا۔)

E

• Easy come, easy go. (مال منت دل بے رحم۔)
• Empty vessels make more noise. (خالی برتن زیادہ آواز دیتا ہے۔)

F

• First come. first served. (پہلے آیئے پہلے پایئے۔)
• Fool to others to himself a sage. (اپنے منہ میاں مٹھو۔)

G

• Gather thistles and expect pickles. (کانٹے بونے کے بعد پھول کی امید کرنا۔)
• Getting involved without having. (مان نہ مان میں تیرا مہمان۔)
• God helps those who help themselves. (خدا انکی مدد کرتا ہے جو اپنی مدد آپ کرتا ہے۔)
  
• God's mill grinds slow but sure. (خدا کے گھر دپر ہے مگر اندھیر نہیں۔)
• Good mind, good find. (آپ بھلے تو جگ بھلا۔)
• Grapes are sour. (انگور کھٹے ہیں۔)
  Meaning: Criticism or disparagement of that which one cannot have or achieve.
  
  
• Great cry but little wool. (اونچی دکان پھیکا پکوان۔)
• Greed is a curse. (لالچ بری بلا ہے۔)

H

• Hard nut to crack. (لوہے کے چنے چبانا۔)
• Hard work is the key to success. (محنت کامیابی کی کنجی ہے۔)
• Haste makes waste. (جلدی کا کام شیطان کا۔)
• Honesty is the best policy. (ایمانداری بہترین حکمت عملی ہے۔)
  
• Honest livelihood is equal to prayer. (راق حلال عین عبادت ہے۔)

I

• If Allah wills not, no one can Harm. (جسے اللہ کھے اسے کون چکھے۔)
• In Rome do as the Romans do. (جیسا دیس ویسا بھیس۔)
• It is the matter of time. (وقت وقت کی بات ہوتی ہے۔)
• It takes two to quarrel. (تالی ایک ہاتھ سے نہیں بجتی۔)

J

K

L

• Let bygones be bygones. (جو ہوگیا سو ہوگیا۔)
• Live and let live. (جیو اور جینے دو۔)
• Line on the rock. (پتھر پہ لکیر۔)
• Love begets love. (دل کو دل سے راہ ہوتی ہے۔)

M

• Make a mountain out of a molehill. (کھودا پہاڑ نکلا چوہا۔)
• Make hay while the sun shines. (بہتی گنگا میں ہاتھ دھونا۔)
• Man is known by the company he keeps. (آدمی اپنی صحبت سے پہچانا جاتا ہے۔)
  
• Man is mortal. (انسان فانی ہے۔)
• Might is right. (جس کی لاٹھی اسکی بھینس۔)
• Milk of milk, water of water. (دودھ کا دودھ، پانی کا پانی۔)
• Money earned the wrong way will be taken away, would be lost. (چور کا مال کسی کام نہ آیا۔)
• More mouths will have more talks. (جتنے منہ اتنی باتیں۔)

N

• Necessity is the mother of invention. (ضرورت ایجاد کی ماں ہے۔)
  
• No man can serve two masters. (ایک میان میں دو تلواریں نہیں رہ سکتیں۔)
• No man is an island. (ہر انسان دوسرے کا محتاج ہے۔)
• No use crying over split milk. (اب کیا ہوت جب چڑیا چک گئیں کھیت۔)
• Nobody respects a selfish person. (خود غرض انسان کی کوئی عزت نہیں ہوتی۔)

O

• Old mare, red reigns. (بوڑھی گھوڑی لال لگام۔)
  
• Once bitten twice shy. (دودھ کا جلا چھاچھ بھی پھونک کر پیتا ہے۔)
• Only if you are alive, things matter. (جان ہے تو جہان ہے۔)
• Out of the frying pan into the fire. (آسمان سے گرا کھجور میں اٹکا۔)

P

• Prevention is better than cure. (احتیاط علاج سے بہتر ہے۔)
  
• Pure gold does not fear the flame. (سانچ کو آنچ نہیں۔)

Q

R

• Rubbing salt on one's wound. (زخموں پر نمک چھڑکنا۔)

S

• See which way the wind is blowing. (تیر دیکھ تیر کی دھار دیکھ / اونٹ کس کروٹ بیٹھتا ہے۔)
• Slow and steady wins the race. (مستقل مزاجی کامیابی کی کنجی ہے۔)
• Something is better than nothing. (بھاگتے چور کی لنگوٹ ہی سہی۔)
• Speak of the devil and he will appear. (شیطان کا نام لیا اور وہ حاضر۔)
• Strike while the iron is hot. (موقع کو ہاتھ سے نہ جانے دو۔)

T

• Tell the truth and shame the devil. (سچ کا بول بالا، جھوٹ کا منہ کالا۔)
• The grass is always greener on the other side. (دور کے ڈھول سہانے۔)
• The less people think the more they talk. (جو کم سوچتے ہیں وہی زیادہ بولتے ہیں۔)
• The pot calling the kettle black. (الٹا چور کوتوال کو ڈانٹے۔)
• The snake dies and the club doesn't break. (سانپ بھی مرجاۓ اور لاٹھی بھی نہ ٹوٹے۔)
• There is something at bottom. (دال میں کچھ کالا ہے۔)
• Think before you speak. (پہلے بات کو تولو پھر منہ سے بولو۔)
  
• Time and tide wail for none. (وقت کسی کا انتیظار نہیں کرتا۔)
  
• To err is human. (انسان غلطی کا پتلا ہے۔)
• To go about the same old beaten path. (لکیر کے فقیر۔)
• To show anger after getting embarrassed. (کھسیانی بلی کھمبا نوچے۔)
• To talk big without having a big position. (چھوٹا منہ بڑی بات۔)
• Too many cooks spoil the soup. (دو ملاؤں میں مرغی حرام۔)
• Two and two make four. (دو اور دو چار ہوتے ہیں۔)
  
• Two hunts with one arrow. (ایک تیر سے دو شکار۔)

U

• United we stand, divided we fall. (اتفاق میں برکت ہے۔)

V

• Virtue is its own reward. (نیکی اپنا صلہ آپ ہے۔)

W

• Walls have ears. (دیواروں کے بھی کان ہوتے ہیں۔)
• Where there's life, there's hope. (جب تک سانس تب تک آس۔) 
• Where there is a will, there is a way. (جہاں چاہ وہاں راہ۔)
  
  

X & Y

Z

General Waves Properties - Numericals

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Physics For Class X
Unit 10: General Waves Properties
Numericals

WORKED EXAMPLE

TEXT BOOK EXERCISE

Visit Below Video For displacement time graph, period, frequency and amplitude.

Special thanks To FuseSchool

General Waves Properties - Self Assessment Questions And Text Book Exercise

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Physics For Class X
Unit 10: General Waves Properties
Self Assessment Questions

Q.1: Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves
Ans: Difference Between Transverse Waves And Longitudinal Waves:

S.NO.	Transverse Waves	Longitudinal Waves
1.	In transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves.	In longitudinal wave, particles of the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of propagation of waves.
2.	This wave is made up of crests and troughs.	This wave is made up of compressions and rarefactions.
3.	The production of this wave can take place in liquid and gas mediums only.	The production of this wave can take place in any medium - solid, gas, or liquid.
4.	The polarization or alignment of this wave is certainly possible.	The polarization or alignment of this wave does not happen.
5.	This wave acts in two dimensions.	This wave acts in one dimension.
6.	An example of a transverse wave is the light wave.	An example of a longitudinal wave is the sound wave.

Q.2: Wave motion transfers energy without moving matter. Justify this statement with an example.
Ans: Waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter:
The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfer energy from one place to another, but waves can not move matter the entire distance.

OR

A method of transport energy from one point to another point without transfer of matter is called wave.
Disturbance of medium is cause of formation of wave like, waves can be produced by using a rope, slinky spring and water waves in ripple tank.

Example No.1:
When the calm water surface is disturbed by a stone dropping into it, circular water ripples spread out from the point where the stone hits the water. Similarly the continuous disturbance of the water surface by the blasts of the wind caused by a helicopter hovering above creates water waves that move outwards. If we place a cork on the surface of water. We observed that when the waves reaches the cork, it will move up and down along the motion of water particles by getting energy from waves but remain at its position. Thus the disturbance on the water surface moves outwards, carrying energy, and no water, because after the waves pass, the cork on water remains where it was before the wave was produced.

Example No.2:
A tide can travel many kilometres. The water moves up and down - a disturbance that travels in a wave, transferring energy, not matter. Let's consider the example of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up and down by the waves that pass by it but doesn't move directionally across the water. Waves transfer energy but not mass. When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they slow down. This means that some of their kinetic energy has been converted into potential energy - the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy.
This activity shows that water waves like other waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter, i.e., water.

Q.3: What is the main difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
Ans: Difference Between Mechanical Waves And Electromagnetic Waves:

S.NO.	Mechanical Waves	Electromagnetic Waves
1.	Mechanical waves are such waves that need a medium for propagation.	Electromagnetic waves are such waves that do not need a medium for propagation.
2.	Mechanical waves are produced by vibratory motion in the respective medium.	Electromagnetic waves are produced by a changing of electric and magnetic fields.
3.	Mechanical waves consist of transverse as well longitudinal waves.	Electromagnetic only comprised of a transverse wave in nature.
4.	Mechanical waves cannot travel through the vacuum.	Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum at the speed of 3×108 m/s.
5.	All mechanical waves travel through their media at different speeds depending upon the physical properties of the respective medium.	All electromagnetic waves can travel through transparent media at different speeds depending upon the refractive index of the respective medium.
6.	Sound waves, water waves and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves.	Radio waves, microwaves, light waves, U.V waves and infrared waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Q.4: How spherical wavefronts are produced in the ripple tank?
Ans: In a ripple tank, a spherical dipper can produce circular waves. These waves have a circular wavefront. When the rippler is attached with a point has spherical ball and lowered it so that it just touches the surface of the water, circular waves will be produced.
Circular waves can also be produced by dropping a single drop of water into the ripple tank.

Q.5: What is the difference between displacement and amplitude of the wave?
Ans: Difference Between Displacement And Amplitude Of the Wave:
Displacement is a maximum distance covered by a body between two points. The displacement of a particle on a wave is a distance in a specific direction from its rest/ equilibrium position. It is a vector quantity and may be positive or negative.
Displacement is associated with the visible physical movement e.g. Swing of a pendulum vibration on the string of a guitar.

Amplitude of a wave refers to the maximum displacement moved by a point on the medium (on a vibrating body) from its rest or mean position. It is the height of a crest or depth of a trough measured from the rest position. It refers to the scalar or vector quantity depends on field size.
Amplitude is normally associated with conceptual waves. e.g. Propagation of sound waves, pressure waves etc.

Q.6: Drive the relation between wave, speed and frequency.
Ans: Relation Between Wave speed And Frequency:
The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfer energy from one place to another. It travels from one place to another and hence has a specific velocity. This called the velocity (Speed) of the wave and is denoted by

Velocity = Distance traveled / time taken or

v = S / t

Let us consider for a wave,
If the time taken by the wave to move from one point to another is equal to its time period 'T', then the distance travelled by the wave will be equal to one wavelength = λ

The speed of wave can also be written as V = fλ

OR

Frequency (f): is the number of complete waves produced by a source per unit of time. Thus,
Frequency (f)= Number of complete waves produced / time taken
If the number of waves produced = 1
And the time is taken = T
Then f = 1/T
In general; frequency is also defined as the reciprocal of the period.

Wave Speed(v): is the speed at which a waves travels. It is defined as the distance travelled by a given point on the wave, such as a crest in a given interval of time.
Speed = Distance travel per taken time.
Let us consider for a wave,
Distance travelled by the wave = wavelength = λ
And time taken = T, then,

The speed of wave can also be written as V = fλ

Q.7: Calculate the frequency of seconds pendulum?
Ans: Frequency Of Second Pendulum:
The frequency is the reciprocal of the time period. In other words, frequency is the number of oscillations per second. Frequency 'f' is the reciprocal of the time period (represented by 'T'). That is:
Formula:

The second pendulum is that pendulum whose time period is 2s. In other words, a second's pendulum takes 2 seconds to complete one full oscillation. So, the pendulum takes 1 second to swing from the right maxima to the left maxima and another second to swing back. So, that makes 2 seconds in total. 

T = 2s ……… (2)

Substituting (2) in (1) we get the frequency of a second's pendulum as:

Therefore, the frequency of the second pendulum is 0.5 Hz.

OR

Data:
Frequency = f = ?
Time period of second pendulum = T = 2s

Formula:

Calculation:

Answer:
Therefore, the frequency of the second pendulum is 0.5 Hz.

Q.8: Which component of force (weight) is responsible for the oscillatory motion of a simple pendulum?
Ans: Component Of Force For Oscillatory Motion Of A Simple Pendulum:
Restoring force (a component of gravitational force) is responsible for the oscillatory motion of a pendulum.
Let the displacement of the pendulum bob is the arc length s.
The weight mg has components mg cos𝜃 along the string and mg sin𝜃 tangent (perpendicular) to the arc.
Tension in the string exactly cancels the component mg cos𝜃 parallel to the string.
This leaves a net restoring force directed back toward the equilibrium position that runs tangent to the arc and equals -mg sin𝜃. Thus the component of force mg cos𝜃 is responsible for the oscillatory motion of a simple pendulum.

Q.9: At what position acceleration of the simple oscillatory pendulum is maximum, and why?
Ans: A simple oscillatory pendulum has its maximum acceleration at the two extreme position of the swing. At either extreme position of maximum displacement the force is greatest and is directed toward the equilibrium position, the velocity (v) of the mass becomes zero, so its acceleration is maximum at this point, and the mass changes direction.

Q.10: The normal reaction of the bowl on the ball is in the upward direction. Why is it not moving in that direction?
Ans: When the ball is at the mean position, that is, at the centre of the bowl, the net force acting on the ball is zero. In this position, the weight of the ball acts downward and is equal to the upward normal force of the surface of the bowl.
When the ball moves through the centre of the bowl, the weight of the ball cancels out the upward normal force. Hence the ball does not move in upward direction.

Q.11: Where is the ball in the bowl system moving fastest, slowest?
Ans: A ball in the bowl system moves fastest in its mean position due to the inertia. While going towards the extreme position, the speed of the ball decreases due to the restoring force which acts towards the mean position. At the extreme position, the speed of ball starts to decrease and ball stops for a while and then again moves towards the mean position.

Q.12: What will happen if there is no damping in an oscillating drum skin?
Ans: An oscillation that fades away over time in the presences of some resistive force is called damped oscillation. So if there is no damping in an oscillating drum skin, it will vibrate continuously and will not slow down or stop. In such system the drum skin continuously resonance and the amplitude, frequency and energy all remain constant.

Physics For Class X- Scientific Reasons

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Scientific Reasons

UNIT 10: GENERAL WAVE PROPERTIES

1. Wave motion transfers energy without moving matter. Justify this statement with an example.
Ans: Waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter:
The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfer energy from one place to another, but waves can not move matter the entire distance.

Example No.1:
When the calm water surface is disturbed by a stone dropping into it, circular water ripples spread out from the point where the stone hits the water. Similarly the continuous disturbance of the water surface by the blasts of the wind caused by a helicopter hovering above creates water waves that move outwards. If we place a cork on the surface of water. We observed that when the waves reaches the cork, it will move up an down along the motion of water particles by getting energy from waves but remain at its position. Thus the disturbance on the water surface moves outwards, carrying energy, and no water, because after the waves pass, the cork on water remains where it was before the wave was produced.

Example No.2:
A tide can travel many kilometres. The water moves up and down - a disturbance that travels in a wave, transferring energy, not matter. Let's consider the example of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up and down by the waves that pass by it but doesn't move directionally across the water. Waves transfer energy but not mass. When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they slow down. This means that some of their kinetic energy has been converted into potential energy - the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy.
This activity shows that water waves like other waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter, i.e., water.

General Waves Properties - Questions And Answers

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Physics For Class X
Unit 10: General Waves Properties
Questions And Answers

Q.1: Define waves
Ans: WAVES:
A method transport energy from one point to another point without transfer of matter is called wave. Waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter. The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfers energy from one place to another.
For example:

• Water Wave: A little wave can travel across the water in a glass, and a very large tide can travel over the sea many kilometers. The water moves up and down- a disturbance that travels in a wave, transferring energy, not matter.
• Sound waves: Every sound we listen to depends on sound waves.
• Light wave: Every sight we see depends on light waves.

Q.2: Describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in rope, slinky spring, experiments with water waves in ripple tank. OR Describe the formation of waves?
Ans: FORMATIONS OF WAVES OR WAVES MOTION:
Disturbance of medium cause of formation of wave. like, we can produce waves by using a rope, slinky spring, and water waves in ripple tanks.

Wave Motion by using a Rope:
We can produce waves on a rope by attaching one end to a wall and continuously moving the other end up and down. These up-and-down movements produce oscillations or vibrations.
We can observe that the generated rope waves travel towards the wall, whereas the rope itself moves only up and down. The rope is the medium through which the waves travel or propagate.
Conclusion: Up end down movements produce a transverse wave.

Waves in a Slinky Spring:
"A slinky spring is a pre-compressed helical or coiled spring."

We can perform several experiments with a slinky in the laboratory to understand the phenomenon of different types of wave motion.
Experiment 1: Attach one end of the spring with a wall. Now moving the free end of the slinky horizontally left and right continuously on the table will be able to see the coils of the spring moving left and right, whereas humps travel to the other end.
Conclusion:

• An upward pulse moves to the right, followed by
• A downward pulse.
• When the end of the Slinky is moved up and down continuously, a transverse wave is produced.

Experiment 2: Now moving the free end of the attached wall slinky spring continuously back and forth as horizontally. We can observe the individual coils moving forwards and backwards. Where the coils are compressed, are seen traveling from the fixed end to the other end.
Conclusion:

• A compressed region moves to the right, followed by
• A stretched region.
• When the end of the Slinky is moved back and forth continuously, a longitudinal wave is produced.

In both of the above experiments, the slinky spring is said to be the medium through which the waves travel or propagate.

Water wave in Ripple Tank:
"A ripple tank is a shallow glass tank of water used to demonstrate the basic properties of waves."
Working: It is a particular type of wave tank. The ripple tank is usually illuminated from above so that the light shines through the water to visualize the wave being produced.
In the laboratory, we can produce water waves with the ripple tank. In the ripple tank, a small vibrator moves up and down the water surface, resulting in the water particles at the surface that are in contact with the dipper being made to move up and down. This up and down motion soon spread to other parts of the water surface in the tank in the form of ripples. Here the water is the medium through which the ripples travel or propagate. The depth at which the dipper is placed affects the amplitude of the waves. While the frequency of vibration of the dipper corresponds to the frequency of water waves produced.
Conclusion:
Up and down movements of water surface produces a transverse wave.

Q.3: What is slinky spring? Explain the types of wave motion using a slinky? OR Identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, slinky springs
Ans: SLINKY SPRING:
The direction in which the displacement takes place within a wave motion affects the properties of the wave. These wave types can be illustrated using a slinky.
A slinky is a long flexible steel coil or spring, which rests on a smooth table during use. Wave energy can be transmitted, for example, by a slinky, and for illustrations, each of the coil turns can represent a particle of the medium through which a wave is traveling.

TYPES OF WAVE MOTION:
There are two types of wave motions.

1. Transverse wave
2. Longitudinal wave

TRANSVERSE WAVE:
Definition:

“Transverse waves are waves that travel in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave motion".

In other words,

"Waves produced due to up and down movement of particles are transverse waves. We can observe transverse waves by shaking a rope.

1. Transverse Wave In Slinky:
   The slinky is used to produced the transverse wave. Move the free end of the slinky up and down repeatedly. These up and down movements of the coils produce oscillations. We Have noticed that when coils move up and down, the direction of the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of oscillation. We call this type of wave is a transverse wave.
   Transverse Wave In Ripple Tank:
   Transverse wave motion can also be observed on the surface of the water in a pond or a ripple tank. We can produce plane waves by using a straight dipper in a ripple tank. These waves can be seen as bright and dark lines on a screen below the tank. These bright and dark lines represent the crests and troughs of the plane waves respectively.
   Transverse Wave In Guitar:
   Vibrations in a guitar string also produce transverse wave.
   Example:
   Other essential type of transverse wave is electromagnetic wave e.g., light waves, microwaves, radio waves.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
2. LONGITUDINAL WAVE:
   Definition:
   
   "Longitudinal waves are waves that travel in a direction parallel to the direction of wave motion".
   Longitudinal Wave In Slinky:
   The slinky is used to produce the longitudinal wave. Move the free end of the slinky forward and backward (i.e. push and pull) to expand and compress the slinky repeatedly. These forwards and backwards propagation of wave movements of the coils produce oscillations. We Have noticed that when coils move forwards and backwards, direction of the wave motion is parallel to the direction of oscillation. We call this type of wave is a longitudinal wave.
   Example: Common example of a longitudinal wave is sound waves.
   
   
   

(Note: To see movement of spring in transverse and longitudinal wave CLICK HERE)

Q.4: Define the following terms: amplitude, crest, trough, compression and rarefaction.
Ans: AMPLITUDE:
Amplitude is the maximum displacement moved by a point on a vibrating body from the rest or mean position.
It is the height of a crest or depth of a trough measured from the rest position.
Unit: Its SI unit is meter (m).

CREST:
Crest is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. OR
The positive/upper part of wave is called crest.

TROUGH:
Trough is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a minimum.

COMPRESSION:
Compression, in the longitudinal waves this is a region where turns of the coil or particles are closer together than average.

RAREFACTION:
Rarefaction, in the longitudinal waves this is a region where turns of the coil or particles are further apart than average.

Q.5: Describe that waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter? OR Wave motion transfers energy without moving matter. Justify this statement with an example.
Ans: Waves are means of energy transfer without transfer of matter:
The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfer energy from one place to another, but waves can not move matter the entire distance.

Example No.1:
When the calm water surface is disturbed by a stone dropping into it, circular water ripples spread out from the point where the stone hits the water. Similarly the continuous disturbance of the water surface by the blasts of the wind caused by a helicopter hovering above creates water waves that move outwards. If we place a cork on the surface of water. We observed that when the waves reaches the cork, it will move up an down along the motion of water particles by getting energy from waves but remain at its position. Thus the disturbance on the water surface moves outwards, carrying energy, and no water, because after the waves pass, the cork on water remains where it was before the wave was produced.

Example No.2:
A tide can travel many kilometres. The water moves up and down - a disturbance that travels in a wave, transferring energy, not matter. Let's consider the example of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up and down by the waves that pass by it but doesn't move directionally across the water. Waves transfer energy but not mass. When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they slow down. This means that some of their kinetic energy has been converted into potential energy - the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy.
This activity shows that water waves like other waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter, i.e., water.

Q.6: Describe the two main categories of waves?
Ans: Categories Of Waves:
There are two main categories of waves:

1. Mechanical waves
2. Electromagnetic wave

MECHANICAL WAVES:
Waves which require a medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. These waves are produced by vibratory motion in the respective medium. Mechanical waves consists of transverse as well as longitudinal waves.
All mechanical waves travel through their media at different speeds depending upon the physical properties of the respective medium.
Examples:
Sound waves, water waves and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES:
Waves which do not require a medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves. These waves are produced by a changing of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves only comprised of a transverse wave in nature.
Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum at the speed of 3×10⁸ m/s. All electromagnetic waves can travel through transparent media at different speeds depending upon the refractive index of the respective medium.
Examples:
Radio waves, microwaves, light waves, U.V waves and infrared waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Q.7: Distinguish between:
(i) Transverse and Longitudinal waves
(ii) Mechanical and Electromagnetic waves.
Ans: Difference Between Transverse Waves And Longitudinal Waves:

S.NO.	Transverse Waves	Longitudinal Waves
1.	In transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves.	In longitudinal wave, particles of the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of propagation of waves.
2.	This wave is made up of crests and troughs.	This wave is made up of compressions and rarefactions.
3.	The production of this wave can take place in liquid and gas mediums only.	The production of this wave can take place in any medium - solid, gas, or liquid.
4.	The polarization or alignment of this wave is certainly possible.	The polarization or alignment of this wave does not happen.
5.	This wave acts in two dimensions.	This wave acts in one dimension.
6.	An example of a transverse wave is the light wave.	An example of a longitudinal wave is the sound wave.

Difference Between Mechanical Waves And Electromagnetic Waves On The Basis Of Medium:

S.NO.	Mechanical Waves	Electromagnetic Waves
1.	Mechanical waves are such waves that need a medium for propagation.	Electromagnetic waves are such waves that do not need a medium for propagation.
2.	Mechanical waves are produced by vibratory motion in the respective medium.	Electromagnetic waves are produced by a changing of electric and magnetic fields.
3.	Mechanical waves consist of transverse as well longitudinal waves.	Electromagnetic only comprised of a transverse wave in nature.
4.	Mechanical waves cannot travel through the vacuum.	Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum at the speed of 3×108 m/s.
5.	All mechanical waves travel through their media at different speeds depending upon the physical properties of the respective medium.	All electromagnetic waves can travel through transparent media at different speeds depending upon the refractive index of the respective medium.
6.	Sound waves, water waves and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves.	Radio waves, microwaves, light waves, U.V waves and infrared waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Q.8: Describe properties of waves such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction with the help of ripple tank?
Ans: PROPERTIES OF WAVES:
Let us consider some wave properties such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction concerning the ripple tank.
Reflection of the waves:
Definition:

“Bouncing back of waves into same medium by striking other medium surface is called reflection.”

When a vertical straight surface is placed in the path of the incoming waves. The incident waves are reflected from the surface at the same angle. It can be seen that the reflected waves obey the law of reflection, Example: the angle of the incident wave along the normal will be equal to the angle of the reflected wave. This effect is called reflection.

Refraction of waves:
Definition:

“When a wave enters from a region of deep water to a region of shallow water at an angle, the wave will change its direction.”

When a flat piece of a block is immersed in the ripple tank, water depth becomes shallow. We will find that the wavelength of the plane waves shortens and changes direction, as they move from the boundary between two media, deep to shallow water. However, the frequency of water waves stays the same in both waves because it is the same as the frequency of the vibrator. This result shows that the speed of a wave in water depends on water depth. Waves travel faster in deep water than in shallow water. This effect is called refraction.

Diffraction of waves:
Definition:

“The spreading of the waves near an obstacle is called diffraction.”

When an obstruction or a straight surface with a gap in the ripple tank is placed in the path of the incoming water waves, they strike it, the waves will bend around the sides of an obstruction or spread out as they pass through a gap. This phenomenon is called diffraction.
Diffraction is only significant if the size of the gap is about the same as the wavelength of the incident wave, narrow the gap whose width is equal to the wavelength of the incoming ripples, the ripples that pass through the gap are almost circular and seem to originate from a point source situated in the gap. Wider gaps produce less diffraction.

Q.9: What are wave characteristics? OR Define the terms speed (v), frequency (f), wavelength (λ), time-period (T), cycle, wavefront?
Ans: WAVES CHARACTERISTICS:
The following are some terms used to describe wave motion.
1. Time-Period (T):
It is the time taken for any one point on the wave to complete one oscillation. It is denoted by "T".
Unit: The SI unit of the period is second (s).

2. Frequency (f):
It is the number of complete waves produced by a source per unit of time.
In general, Frequency is also defined as the reciprocal of the period. It is denoted by "f".
Thus,
Frequency = Number of complete waves produced / time taken
If the number of waves produced = is 1
And time is taken = T
Then f = 1/T
Unit: The SI unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

3. Wavelength (λ):
It is the linear distance between two successive crests or troughs in a transverse wave and two successive compressions and rarefactions in a longitudinal wave. It is denoted by (λ)
Unit: Its SI unit is meter (m).

4. Wave speed (v):
It is the speed at which a wave travels.
It is defined as the distance traveled by a given point on the wave, such as a crest in a given interval of time. It is denoted by (v)
Unit: In the SI system, the wave speed is measured in meter per second (m / s).

5. The Wavefront:
It is an imaginary line on a wave that joins all points that are in the same phase.
A wavefront is usually drawn by joining all wave crests.
There are two types of the wavefront, depending on how the waves are produced, which are:

• (a) concentric circles and
• (b) plane straight lines

(a) In a ripple tank, a dipper can produce circular waves. These waves have a circular wavefront.
(b) In a ripple tank, a plane dipper can produce plane waves. These waves have a plane wavefront. 

Q.10: What is the relation between velocity frequency and wavelength? OR Derive the relation between wave speed and frequency?
Ans: Relation Between Velocity (Wave speed), Frequency And Wavelength:
The wave is a disturbance in a medium that transfer energy from one place to another. It travels from one place to another and hence has a specific velocity. This called the velocity (Speed) of the wave and is denoted by Velocity = Distance traveled / time taken or

v = S / t

Let us consider for a wave,
If the time taken by the wave to move from one point to another is equal to its time period 'T', then the distance travelled by the wave will be equal to one wavelength = λ
then

The speed of wave can also be written as V = fλ

Q.11: Define periodic motion?
Ans: PERIODIC MOTION:
A motion repeating itself in an equal time interval is referred to as periodic or oscillatory motion or harmonic motion.

Q.12: Define and explain simple harmonic motion (SHM)?
Ans: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION:
Definition:
When an object oscillates about a fixed position (mean position) its acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position and is always directed towards the mean position. Its motion is called SHM.
Explanation:
An object in such a periodic motion oscillates about an equilibrium position due to a restoring force or a restoring torque. Such force or torque will return the system to its equilibrium position. This type of motion is called Simple Harmonic Motion.
Mathematically:
SMH is defined as:

a ∝ - x

a = - kx

• Where k is spring constant
• x is displacement and
• a is the acceleration of a body

Many phenomena include electromagnetic waves, alternating current circuits, musical instruments, bridges, and molecular motion that executes simple harmonic motion.

Q.13: Define restoring force?
Ans: RESTORING FORCE:
The restoring force is a force which acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position.

Q.14: What is a simple pendulum?
Ans: SIMPLE PENDULUM:
A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic bob of mass 'm' suspended from a light inextensible string of length ‘l’ fixed at its upper end.
Examples: Old-fashioned clocks, a child's swing, and a fishing sinker are pendulum examples.

Q.15: Draw forces acting on a displaced pendulum? OR Which force acts on simple pendulum to displaced it?
Ans: Forces Acting On A Displaced Pendulum:
When the bob of the pendulum is displaced at a small angle '𝞱' to an extreme position.
The forces that act upon are:

1. Tension ’T’ along the direction of the string, and
2. Weight W = mg, acting vertically downwards.

weight is further resolved into its components mg sin𝞱 and mg cos𝞱.

Q.16: With the help of diagram explain SHM in simple pendulum? OR Prove that a simple pendulum executes simple harmonic motion? OR Explain SHM with simple pendulum?
Ans: MOTION OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM AND SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM):

Let us think of an experiment to prove that a simple oscillating pendulum executes Simple Harmonic Motion.

• A simple pendulum consists of a small metallic bob of mass 'm' suspended from a light inextensible string of length ‘l’ fixed at its upper end.
• A pendulum's restoring force is proportional to its displacement for minor displacements under 15 degrees. Simple pendulum has simple harmonic motion.
• At the mean position ‘O’, a pendulum is in its equilibrium position. If no external force were applied, the bob of a pendulum would naturally settle here.
• The curve path ’s’ is the distance the bob of a pendulum travels.

Forces Acting On Displaced Bob:
When the bob of the pendulum is displaced at a small angle '𝞱' to an extreme position at point ‘A’ or ‘B’. The forces that act upon are:

1. Tension ’T’ along the direction of the string, and
2. Weight W = mg, acting vertically downwards.

The weight mg consists of the components mg cos𝞱 along the string and mg sin𝞱 perpendicular to the arc. For each given string, the component mg cos𝞱 perpendicular to the string is exactly cancelled by the tension ’T’ in the string. The resulting net force, which is directed back toward the equilibrium point ‘O’, is tangential to the arc and equals to mg sine𝞱.

Observation:

• The bob will not stop at ‘O’ and continue to move to extreme positions due to inertia.
• When bob moves to mean position under the action of gravity its velocity is maximum at ‘O’.
• When bob moves from mean position 'O' to extreme positions against the force of gravity its velocity decreases and becomes zero at extreme position.
• The process is repeated again and again and the bob is vibrate between two extreme positions.
• Simple pendulum period is affected by length and gravity acceleration. The period is independent of mass and amplitude.

Conclusion:
Simple pendulum executes simple harmonic motion.

Time Period:
For the simple pendulum executing SHM, we have the following formula for its period:

T = 2 √ l / g

This formula shows that the period 'T' of a simple pendulum depends upon its length ‘l’ and acceleration due to gravity 'g' over that place. The period of the pendulum is independent of its mass and its amplitude.

Q.17: Explain simple harmonic motion (SHM) with ball, and bowl examples?
Ans: Ball And Bowl System And SHM:
Let us examine that the motion of a ball placed in a bowl executes simple harmonic motion.

• When the ball is placed at the mean position 'O', that is, at the center of the bowl. In this position, the net force acting on the ball is zero. Hence there is no motion.
• Now, if we displace the ball to an extreme position 'A' and then release it. The ball starts moving towards the mean position 'O' due to the restoring force caused by its weight component.
• At position 'O' the ball position gets maximum speed and due to inertia, it moves towards opposite extreme position 'B' with the restoring force that acts towards the mean position, the speed of the ball starts to decrease.
• The ball stops for a while at 'B' and then again moves towards the mean position 'O'.

Observation:
This ball's to and fro motion continues about the mean position 'O'.

Conclusion:
This result shows that the acceleration of the ball is directed towards 'O'. Hence, the ball's to and fro motion about a mean position placed in a bowl is also an example of simple harmonic motion.

Q.18: Define and explain damped system and damped oscillation?
Ans: Damped System:
An oscillating system in which friction has an effect is a damped system.
The oscillating system, can not be assumed to have a fixed amplitude unless energy is provided to them. The resistive or damped forces progressively reduce the amplitude of the oscillation. For example, A knock against a table causes the table to vibrate. This reverberation also fades away often after completing many hundreds of vibrations.

Damped Oscillation:
The oscillations of a system in the presence of some resistive forces are damped oscillations.
If a simple harmonic motion subjected to frictional forces, the amplitude of freely oscillating objects progressively decreases. The friction not only affects the amplitude but also slightly reduces the frequency. An oscillation that fades away over time is called damped oscillation

Visit Below Video For Waves-Frequency, Speed and Wavelength

Special Thanks To Jon White

IDIOMS

IDIOMS

"A"

• A bad apple / egg: A bad influence, Some one who bring trouble.
• A couch potato: An idle person
• A hard nut to crack: A difficult person to understand, A difficult problem to solve
• A piece of cake: Easy
• A smart cookie: A clever person
  
  

"B"

• Big cheese: An important person
• Bread and butter: The necessities

"C"

• Caught red handed: catch some one in the act.
  Sentence:
  * The kids got caught red handed with their hands in the cookie jar.

"D"

• Doesn't cut the mustard: Doesn't meet the required standard

"E"

• Eating humble pie: To be forced to apologize humbly, suffer humiliation.
  Sentence:
  * He had to eat humble pie and publicly admit his error.

"F"

• Food for thought: Worth considering

"G"

• Gone pear shaped: Gone unexpectedly wrong

"I"

• In a nutshell: simply put
• In a pickle: In trouble, mess


• In the red: owe money.
  Sentence:
  * By the end of the week, I am always in the red.
  
  
• 
  

"K"

• Kettle of fish: An awkward, difficult or bad situation, Muddle, mess a state of affair, A matter under consideration.
  Sentence:
  * The new proposal is quite a different kettle of fish from the last one.

"L

• Lion's share: The majority; A large or generous portion
  Sentence:
  * The gang stole a lot money from the bank. But the lion's share of the money went straight into the leader's pocket.
  
  
• Look like mutton dressed as lamb: Said about a woman who tries to look like much younger.
  Sentence:
  * Her skirt is too short. She looks like mutton dressed at lamb.

"N"

• Nit picker: One w who worried about small details Or A person who find faults (however small or unimportant, everywhere they look.)

"P"

• Paint the town red: Have a great time or party.
  Sentence:
  * We painted the town red when I was on vacation.

"R"

• Red in the face: Angry
  Sentence:
  * My sister was red in the face after she had found her car was stolen.
  
  
• Red as a lobster: A bad sun burn
  Sentence:
  * She is red as a lobster, after a day at the beach.
  
  
• Red tag sale: Special sale.
  Sentence:
  * I love it when stores have red tag sales.

"U"

• Unsung hero: Some one who has been very brave but has never been appreciate.

"Z"

• Zero hour for: The time to start work on.